Economically Active Population Survey (EAPS). Sub-sample variables

The average number of employed persons in 2023 was 21,182,200, an increase of 634,700 compared to 2022.

Due to the size of the establishment or work centre, the number of employees increased in all modalities, except in companies with up to nine workers (-152,300 people). It is worth noting the increases in establishments from 50 to 249 workers (176,300 more people) and in those from 10 to 49 workers (48,800 more).

Most of the workers in Spain had a boss but no subordinates. Nearly seven out of 10 workers were in that situation in 2023.

On the other hand, 9.0% were self-employed (without a boss or subordinates); 6.9% were middle-level managers; 6.6% were directors of small companies, departments or branches, and persons in charge; and 0.7% were directors of large or medium-sized companies.

By sex, the percentages of men were higher than those of women in all types of jobs; except in the case of employees (with bosses and without subordinates), where the percentage of women exceeded that of men by 10 points.

It is worth noting the differences in percentages between the sexes in self-employed (without bosses or subordinates), of 3.2 points, as well as directors of small companies, departments or branches, and persons in charge, of 2.9 and 2.5 points, respectively.

The number of employees hired through a temporary employment agency (ETT) was 768,100 in 2023. It accounted for 4.3% of the total, compared to 3.8% in 2022.

On the other hand, 338,200 employees (1.9% of the total) obtained their employment through the assistance of a public employment office. This is the same percentage as in 2022.

A total of 85.2% of those employed did not work any days in their private home (85.3% in 2022), 7.1% did so more than half the days (7.5% in 2022), and 7.0% did so occasionally (6.2% in 2022).

A total of 33.4% of employed persons worked at least one Saturday per month, which is 1.1 points less than in 2022. As for Sunday, 4.1% of employed persons worked at least one Sunday a month, compared with 4.3% in 2022.

A total of 11.9% of employed persons worked on night shift (11.8% in 2022). 6.8% did so occasionally and 5.1% on more than half of the days they worked. The percentage of male night workers (14.3%) exceeded that of women (9.1%).

A total of 391,300 employees worked part-time in order to have more time to care for dependents in 2023, which was 3.5% more than in the previous year.

The majority of those who worked part-time, in order to simultaneously work as caregivers were women (372,800, 6.6% more than in the previous year). Men were 18,500, 34.9% less than in 2022.

Considering the Spanish population aged 16 and over, 56.0% had general education and personal skills, which correspond to people who have at most reached compulsory secondary education or high school.

The rest of the population had some specialty in 2023, highlighting the Business, Administration and Law studies sector (10.9%).

The population aged 16 and over trained in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) presented the highest employment rate in 2023 (87.44%).

By sex, the female activity rate was higher than the male in four of the categories of studies analysed. The highest rates in men were in those specialized in ICT with 89.15%, while in women they were in those specialized in Agriculture, livestock, forestry, fishing and veterinary, appreciating an increase of almost seven points in this specialty, compared to 2022 (86.54%, compared to 79.60%).

In contrast, people with general education and personal skills programs had the lowest activity rates, both in men and women, with 53.73% and 37.72%, respectively.

The highest employment rate occurred in 2023 in people trained in ICT (79.33%). The lowest, in people with general education and personal skills (38.24%).

By sex, the female employment rate was higher than the male in three sectors, especially in the Agriculture, livestock, forestry, fishing and veterinary and natural, chemistry, physics and mathematics sciences.

As for unemployment, the highest unemployment rate was registered among those persons who had attended general training and personal skills (16.35%). And the lowest among those trained in Mechanics, electronics, other technical training, industry and construction (6.02%).

In most training sectors, the female unemployment rate was higher than the male, except in three –highlighting the lower rate of women in the Arts, humanities and languages–.

The data published today - both for 2023 and previous years - have been calculated according to the new population base of the 2021 census. All the results are available on INEBase.