Statistics on R&D Activities in the Business Sector National summary Indicators by OECD countries, resources allocated to R+D and period. Units: specified in variables Total internal expenditure x 100/GDP market prices Personnel R+D (FTE) x 1000/Employed Total researchers (physical persons) Percentage of women among total number of researchers 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 Australia .. .. 2.20 .. 2.26 .. .. .. .. 12.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Austria 2.84 2.77 2.80 2.71 2.67 15.2 14.8 14.5 14.0 14.3 .. 65,609 .. 59,341 .. .. 29.0 .. 28.4 .. Belgium 2.24 2.21 2.10 2.03 1.97 14.5 13.8 13.4 13.4 13.1 .. 63,207 59,403 55,858 54,624 .. 33.5 33.2 32.7 32.2 Canada 1.73 1.79 1.86 1.97 1.92 .. 13.0 13.2 13.9 14.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chile .. .. 0.42 0.41 0.37 .. .. 1.7 1.6 1.9 .. .. 9,453 8,770 10,582 .. .. 32.4 32.3 27.5 Czech Republic 1.88 1.64 1.40 1.35 1.30 11.9 11.0 10.3 10.0 9.8 47,357 45,902 43,418 43,092 44,240 27.4 28.2 28.1 28.9 28.5 Danemark 2.98 2.98 3.00 3.16 2.85 20.1 20.2 20.3 19.6 19.8 .. 56,771 54,813 54,049 48,442 .. 33.1 32.6 31.7 .. Estonia 2.18 2.37 1.62 1.41 1.28 9.7 9.7 9.6 9.4 7.9 .. 7,646 7,491 7,453 7,226 .. 43.7 43.4 42.5 41.7 Finland 3.55 3.80 3.90 3.94 3.70 21.4 21.6 22.5 22.6 22.2 .. 57,549 57,163 55,797 55,195 .. 32.1 31.9 31.4 30.7 France 2.26 2.25 2.24 2.27 2.12 .. 14.9 14.8 14.6 14.1 .. 338,761 324,551 296,093 289,041 .. 25.6 25.3 26.9 27.4 Germany 2.92 2.89 2.80 2.82 2.69 13.9 14.0 13.5 13.2 13.0 .. 520,561 .. 484,566 .. .. 26.7 .. 24.9 .. Greece 0.69 0.67 .. .. .. 9.1 8.3 .. .. .. .. 45,239 .. .. .. .. 36.7 .. .. .. Hungary 1.30 1.22 1.17 1.17 1.00 8.7 8.3 7.7 7.4 6.6 .. 36,945 35,700 35,267 33,739 .. 31.7 32.0 32.1 33.0 Iceland .. 2.40 .. 3.11 2.65 .. 18.9 .. 22.3 17.4 .. 3,350 .. 4,134 4,158 .. 37.5 .. 41.0 37.8 Ireland 1.72 1.66 1.69 1.69 1.45 12.7 11.9 10.7 10.2 9.5 .. 22,131 20,802 20,901 21,040 .. 32.4 34.4 34.2 32.3 Israel 4.20 4.21 4.22 4.40 4.66 .. 20.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Italy 1.27 1.25 1.26 1.26 1.21 9.5 9.2 9.1 9.1 8.8 .. 151,597 149,807 149,314 145,594 .. 34.9 34.5 33.8 33.2 Japan 3.34 3.39 3.25 3.36 3.47 .. 13.5 13.6 13.6 13.4 .. 892,684 894,138 889,341 890,669 .. 14.0 13.8 13.6 13.0 Korea 4.36 4.04 3.74 3.56 3.36 .. 14.9 14.1 13.1 12.5 .. 375,176 345,912 323,175 300,050 .. 17.3 16.7 15.8 15.6 Luxembourg .. .. 1.51 1.74 1.66 .. .. 13.9 13.3 13.3 .. .. .. 2,951 .. .. .. .. 21.2 .. Mexico .. 0.43 0.46 0.44 0.41 .. .. .. .. .. .. 46,125 45,045 42,973 37,639 .. .. .. .. .. The Netherlands 2.16 2.03 1.86 1.82 1.77 13.4 13.4 11.6 10.1 10.7 .. 82,991 64,829 54,505 60,969 .. 24.1 .. 25.9 .. New Zealand .. 1.27 .. 1.28 .. .. 10.7 .. 10.7 .. .. 28,100 .. 27,000 .. .. .. .. .. .. Norway 1.65 1.65 1.68 1.76 1.58 14.1 14.1 13.9 13.9 13.6 .. 45,578 44,774 44,762 43,699 .. 36.2 35.7 35.2 34.1 Poland 0.90 0.76 0.74 0.67 0.60 5.6 5.3 5.2 4.7 4.7 .. 100,723 100,934 98,165 97,474 .. 38.6 39.0 39.5 39.5 Portugal 1.50 1.52 1.59 1.64 1.50 12.2 11.6 10.6 10.2 9.3 .. 100,435 96,234 86,369 75,073 .. 46.4 45.5 45.8 43.0 Slovak Republic 0.82 0.68 0.63 0.48 0.47 8.2 8.2 8.4 7.2 6.9 25,069 24,711 24,049 21,832 19,814 42.3 42.6 42.4 42.5 42.3 Slovenia 2.80 2.47 2.10 1.85 1.66 16.3 16.1 13.4 12.6 11.6 .. 12,514 11,056 10,444 10,124 .. 36.4 36.3 35.7 35.1 Spain 1.30 1.36 1.40 1.39 1.35 11.8 11.6 11.8 11.4 10.4 .. 220,254 224,000 221,314 217,716 .. 38.7 38.4 38.1 37.5 Sweden 3.41 3.39 3.39 3.62 3.70 17.6 17.0 17.2 17.2 17.4 .. 80,039 .. 72,864 .. .. 37.2 .. 35.7 .. Swizterland .. .. .. .. 2.87 .. .. .. .. 13.6 .. .. .. .. 45,874 .. .. .. .. 30.2 Turkey .. 0.86 0.84 0.85 0.73 .. 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.2 .. 137,452 124,796 114,436 106,423 .. 35.6 35.8 36.3 36.5 United Kingdom 1.72 1.78 1.77 1.82 1.75 11.3 11.4 11.2 11.1 10.7 .. 429,009 394,755 385,489 .. .. 37.7 38.3 37.9 .. United States 2.79 2.76 2.74 2.82 2.77 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Total 2.40 2.37 2.34 2.38 2.33 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. EU-28 1.97 1.95 1.91 1.91 1.83 11.7 11.5 11.2 10.9 10.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. EU-15 2.11 2.11 2.07 2.07 1.98 13.0 12.8 12.5 12.2 11.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Argentina .. 0.65 0.62 0.60 0.52 .. 4.0 3.9 3.6 3.4 .. 79,092 74,020 67,245 63,927 .. 52.7 52.2 51.9 51.3 China 1.98 1.84 1.76 1.70 1.47 4.2 3.8 3.4 3.0 2.6 .. 1,905,899 1,747,589 1,556,518 .. .. .. .. .. .. Romania 0.49 0.50 0.46 0.47 0.58 3.3 3.3 2.9 3.1 3.2 .. 25,489 30,707 30,645 30,864 .. 46.1 44.0 44.7 44.8 Russian Federation 1.12 1.09 1.13 1.25 1.04 11.6 11.9 12.0 12.2 12.3 372,620 374,791 368,915 369,237 375,804 41.2 41.4 41.7 41.9 41.8 Singapore .. 2.23 2.05 2.20 2.64 .. 12.1 11.9 12.0 11.2 .. 38,013 36,561 34,387 33,365 .. 29.2 29.3 28.5 28.0 South Africa .. .. 0.76 0.87 0.93 .. .. 2.3 2.3 2.2 .. .. 37,901 40,797 39,955 .. .. 41.7 40.8 39.7 Chinese Taipei 3.07 3.02 2.91 2.94 2.78 21.0 20.7 20.1 19.2 17.7 178,632 173,654 164,874 154,818 143,862 21.8 21.6 20.9 20.5 20.1 Notes: 1) Source: OECD. MSTI 2006-2 Database. FTE: Full Time Equivalent '..' data not available Source: National Statistics Institute