Statistics on R&D Activities in the Business Sector National summary Indicators by OECD countries, resources allocated to R+D and period. Units: specified in variables Total internal expenditure x 100/GDP market prices Personnel R+D (FTE) x 1000/Employed Total researchers (physical persons) Percentage of women among total number of researchers 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Australia .. .. 2.11 .. 2.12 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Austria 3.07 3.06 2.97 2.93 2.68 16.2 16.0 15.7 15.5 14.7 .. .. 71,448 .. 65,609 .. .. 29.6 .. 29.0 Belgium 2.45 2.46 2.44 2.36 2.16 16.9 15.1 15.0 14.7 13.9 .. .. 66,724 .. 63,207 .. .. 33.4 .. 33.5 Canada .. 1.60 1.68 1.79 1.80 .. .. 12.6 13.0 13.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chile 0.39 0.38 0.39 0.36 0.35 1.9 2.0 1.7 1.9 1.7 13,015 12,303 9,795 10,447 9,388 33.0 31.5 34.3 31.0 30.8 Czech Republic 1.95 1.97 1.90 1.78 1.56 12.8 12.6 12.2 11.9 11.0 .. 54,493 51,455 47,651 45,902 .. 27.2 28.3 27.5 28.2 Danemark 2.96 2.92 2.97 2.98 2.94 21.0 20.9 20.9 20.9 20.7 .. 59,287 57,876 57,520 56,845 .. .. 35.2 35.4 33.1 Estonia 1.50 1.45 1.73 2.12 2.31 9.0 9.6 9.7 9.9 9.8 .. 7,721 7,515 7,634 7,646 .. 44.0 44.4 44.0 43.7 Finland 2.90 3.17 3.29 3.42 3.64 20.2 20.8 21.0 21.3 21.7 .. 55,515 56,720 56,704 57,549 .. 32.1 31.5 32.2 32.1 France 2.23 2.24 2.24 2.23 2.19 .. 15.2 15.3 15.1 14.8 .. 369,999 366,299 356,445 338,470 .. 26.1 25.5 25.5 25.6 Germany 2.87 2.89 2.82 2.87 2.80 14.3 14.2 13.9 14.1 13.8 .. .. 549,283 .. 522,010 .. .. 27.9 .. 26.8 Greece 0.96 0.84 0.81 0.70 0.67 12.6 10.8 10.6 9.1 8.4 .. .. 53,744 .. 45,239 .. .. 39.4 .. 36.7 Hungary 1.38 1.36 1.39 1.27 1.19 8.6 8.9 9.5 9.0 8.6 .. 39,190 37,803 37,019 36,945 .. 30.4 30.3 30.9 31.7 Iceland 2.19 2.01 1.76 .. 2.49 16.0 .. 15.6 .. 19.4 3,722 .. 3,356 .. 3,270 45.6 .. 43.8 .. 37.3 Ireland .. 1.51 1.56 1.56 1.54 14.8 14.6 12.6 12.4 11.5 .. .. 25,393 .. 22,358 .. .. 32.3 .. 32.6 Israel 4.25 4.27 4.15 4.16 4.02 .. .. .. 21.1 20.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Italy 1.33 1.38 1.31 1.27 1.21 10.1 10.2 10.1 9.7 9.2 .. 168,074 163,925 157,960 151,597 .. 36.0 35.7 35.5 34.9 Japan 3.49 3.59 3.48 3.34 3.38 13.4 13.7 13.3 13.2 13.5 907,455 926,671 892,406 887,067 892,684 15.3 14.7 14.6 14.4 14.0 Korea 4.23 4.29 4.15 4.03 3.74 17.0 16.8 16.0 16.0 14.9 453,262 437,447 410,333 401,724 375,176 18.9 18.5 18.2 17.7 17.3 Latvia 0.63 0.69 0.61 0.67 0.70 6.3 6.5 6.1 6.4 6.3 .. 7,939 7,448 7,995 7,377 .. .. 52.0 52.8 53.3 Luxembourg 1.31 1.28 1.31 1.28 1.47 13.8 13.2 12.9 12.5 14.0 .. .. 2,713 .. 3,114 .. .. 27.3 .. 22.9 Mexico 0.55 0.54 0.50 0.49 0.52 .. .. 1.2 1.2 1.6 .. .. 42,222 41,419 56,481 .. .. 33.0 32.8 .. The Netherlands 2.01 2.00 1.95 1.94 1.90 14.6 14.2 14.1 13.8 13.3 .. 111,795 110,536 107,184 84,072 .. 23.4 23.6 24.0 24.2 New Zealand .. .. 1.15 .. 1.23 .. .. 11.0 .. 10.6 .. .. 29,300 .. 28,100 .. .. .. .. .. Norway 1.93 1.72 1.65 1.62 1.63 15.5 14.7 14.2 14.0 14.0 .. 50,025 47,795 46,747 45,578 .. 37.4 36.9 36.2 36.2 Poland 1.00 0.94 0.87 0.88 0.75 6.8 6.6 6.1 5.9 5.5 .. 115,375 109,611 103,627 100,723 .. 37.2 37.8 38.3 38.6 Portugal 1.28 1.29 1.33 1.38 1.46 10.6 10.4 10.5 10.4 10.4 .. 78,736 78,290 81,750 82,354 .. 44.3 45.4 45.0 44.0 Slovak Republic 1.18 0.88 0.82 0.80 0.66 7.8 7.9 7.8 8.2 8.2 .. 25,080 24,441 25,069 24,711 .. 42.5 42.7 42.3 42.6 Slovenia 2.21 2.38 2.60 2.58 2.42 15.1 16.0 16.4 16.0 16.1 .. 12,155 12,111 12,362 12,514 .. 36.1 36.0 35.8 36.4 Spain 1.22 1.24 1.27 1.29 1.33 10.8 11.1 11.4 11.4 11.3 .. 210,104 208,767 215,544 220,254 .. 39.6 39.3 38.8 38.7 Sweden 3.26 3.15 3.31 3.28 3.25 17.6 17.6 17.3 17.6 17.1 .. .. 101,820 .. 80,154 .. .. 33.3 .. 37.2 Swizterland .. .. .. 2.97 .. .. .. .. 15.9 .. .. .. .. 60,278 .. .. .. .. 32.4 .. Turkey .. 1.01 0.94 0.92 0.86 .. 4.5 4.4 4.2 3.8 .. 181,544 166,097 155,133 137,452 .. 36.9 36.2 36.2 35.6 United Kingdom 1.70 1.68 1.66 1.61 1.68 13.3 12.9 12.6 12.0 12.1 .. 489,181 466,689 442,385 429,009 .. 37.4 38.1 37.8 37.7 United States 2.79 2.76 2.74 2.71 2.77 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Total 2.40 2.39 2.37 2.34 2.33 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. EU-28 1.95 1.95 1.93 1.92 1.88 12.4 12.2 12.1 11.9 11.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. EU-15 2.08 2.10 2.07 2.06 2.03 13.6 13.5 13.3 13.1 12.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Argentina .. 0.59 0.62 0.64 0.57 .. 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.0 .. 83,837 81,964 80,245 77,354 .. 52.9 52.4 52.6 52.7 China 2.07 2.02 1.99 1.91 1.78 .. 4.8 4.6 4.2 3.8 .. .. .. 2,069,650 1,905,899 .. .. .. .. .. Romania 0.49 0.38 0.39 0.48 0.49 3.7 3.6 3.8 3.6 3.3 .. 27,535 27,600 27,838 25,489 .. 46.0 45.7 45.1 46.1 Russian Federation 1.13 1.09 1.06 1.05 1.02 11.5 11.6 11.6 11.6 11.8 379,411 373,905 369,015 372,620 374,791 40.3 40.5 40.9 41.2 41.4 Singapore .. 2.20 2.01 2.00 2.15 .. 11.7 11.9 11.8 12.1 .. 40,730 40,385 38,432 38,013 .. 30.1 29.6 29.6 29.2 South Africa .. .. 0.73 0.73 0.73 .. .. 2.6 2.4 2.2 .. .. 45,935 42,828 40,653 .. .. 44.0 43.7 42.3 Chinese Taipei 3.06 3.00 3.00 2.95 2.90 22.0 21.7 21.4 21.1 20.8 183,571 182,119 180,353 179,830 174,600 22.2 22.1 22.0 21.8 21.5 Notes: 1) Source: OECD. MSTI 2016-2 Database. FTE: Full Time Equivalent '..' data not available Source: National Statistics Institute