Water Use Statistics Direct flows of materials National extraction by type of indicator and year. Units: Tonnes 2010 (P) 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 NATIONAL EXTRACTION 479,668,152 542,903,389 657,779,331 763,550,849 744,515,234 701,815,539 692,166,370 677,616,675 629,233,707 580,645,603 562,420,863 526,112,353 511,216,275 469,078,214 443,187,013 418,742,435 1. Biomass 122,422,587 116,921,512 127,356,781 131,018,071 125,224,215 116,261,578 135,335,668 133,022,068 131,591,027 124,583,839 136,481,005 124,903,699 131,275,756 126,775,812 129,832,939 102,618,952 1.1. Primary crops 64,134,387 62,056,397 66,691,834 68,211,389 65,705,231 59,096,642 72,820,625 71,194,196 69,059,983 64,963,224 71,723,328 63,734,644 67,590,256 67,216,344 66,221,904 48,171,715 1.1.1. Grains 19,880,065 17,884,219 24,160,068 24,543,717 19,091,804 14,241,491 24,773,796 21,169,539 21,682,715 18,055,387 24,566,876 18,142,431 22,574,523 19,341,464 22,378,224 11,571,340 1.1.2. Roots and tubers 2,326,654 2,752,155 2,181,490 2,510,545 2,550,668 2,597,770 2,807,027 2,697,283 3,111,600 3,029,428 3,117,741 3,397,307 3,158,309 3,282,447 3,885,600 3,941,781 1.1.3. Sugar crops 3,534,737 4,225,433 4,170,832 4,910,480 5,843,456 7,334,497 7,241,752 6,448,491 8,275,893 6,840,948 8,035,878 8,372,292 8,976,725 8,604,861 8,286,920 7,539,212 1.1.4. Pulses 515,802 285,879 249,985 305,791 346,489 285,510 599,826 521,134 485,287 308,829 408,567 270,412 362,814 388,582 488,441 189,790 1.1.5. Dried fruit 251,129 294,275 216,115 213,302 347,652 249,525 122,055 236,425 315,569 293,234 261,823 320,443 245,819 419,655 259,368 182,502 1.1.6. Oleaginous crops 8,178,124 7,887,913 6,398,582 6,949,573 6,410,171 4,525,379 6,176,713 8,444,513 5,314,041 8,033,105 6,215,703 4,372,180 5,736,990 7,478,129 5,994,377 2,472,304 1.1.7. Vegetables 13,148,152 14,030,874 13,006,461 13,500,635 13,511,669 13,896,107 13,751,458 13,194,107 13,206,141 12,885,810 12,802,044 12,981,889 12,117,373 11,886,248 11,406,867 10,614,827 1.1.8. Fruit 15,823,505 14,284,353 15,893,894 14,837,977 17,079,779 15,220,936 16,531,157 17,668,210 15,797,745 14,790,986 15,666,479 15,067,786 13,610,680 15,075,862 12,876,104 11,221,411 1.1.9. Fibres 115,110 79,267 55,734 127,187 145,118 345,647 354,581 297,256 308,854 321,801 312,014 494,556 448,583 411,166 316,001 128,194 1.1.10. Other crops 361,109 332,029 358,673 312,182 378,425 399,780 462,260 517,238 562,138 403,696 336,203 315,348 358,440 327,930 330,002 310,354 1.2. Waste from used crops, fodder crops and pasture biomass 45,983,275 44,652,700 48,681,558 52,370,403 47,221,182 46,002,030 51,835,558 50,481,756 51,841,655 49,244,645 53,848,732 49,288,671 51,693,942 47,579,325 51,145,727 41,600,566 1.2.1. Waste from used crops 8,782,098 6,481,822 9,304,414 10,021,959 7,398,155 5,199,144 10,388,634 9,007,210 9,091,340 6,305,227 10,262,600 7,443,476 9,688,215 7,994,879 10,166,354 5,249,398 1.2.1.1. Straw 8,782,098 6,481,822 9,304,414 10,021,959 7,398,155 5,199,144 10,388,634 9,007,210 9,091,340 6,305,227 10,262,600 7,443,476 9,688,215 7,994,879 10,166,354 5,249,398 1.2.1.2. Other waste from crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.2. Fodder crops and pasture biomass 37,201,177 38,170,878 39,377,144 42,348,444 39,823,027 40,802,886 41,446,924 41,474,546 42,750,315 42,939,418 43,586,132 41,845,195 42,005,727 39,584,446 40,979,373 36,351,168 1.2.2.1. Fodder crops 8,407,611 7,979,270 9,432,024 10,140,887 8,885,993 9,056,719 9,411,360 9,438,510 9,422,054 10,210,799 10,303,141 9,983,736 10,939,644 9,198,978 9,692,852 8,593,496 1.2.2.2. Pasture biomass 28,793,566 30,191,608 29,945,120 32,207,557 30,937,034 31,746,167 32,035,564 32,036,036 33,328,261 32,728,620 33,282,991 31,861,459 31,066,083 30,385,468 31,286,521 27,757,671 1.3. Wood 11,271,659 9,234,562 11,012,559 9,560,354 11,283,401 10,270,110 9,811,867 10,393,354 9,736,972 9,211,252 9,784,303 10,634,839 10,682,338 10,706,898 11,230,589 11,615,056 1.3.1. Wood in the rough 8,571,161 7,831,744 9,463,404 7,844,912 9,540,281 8,862,284 8,435,725 8,831,161 8,393,812 7,966,403 7,902,595 8,601,084 8,885,483 8,724,030 8,230,347 8,704,194 1.3.2. Firewood and other extractions 2,700,498 1,402,818 1,549,155 1,715,442 1,743,120 1,407,826 1,376,142 1,562,193 1,343,160 1,244,849 1,881,708 2,033,755 1,796,855 1,982,868 3,000,242 2,910,862 M1.3. Net increase in standing forest volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4. Catches of fish, aquatic plants/animals, hunting and gathering 1,033,265 977,853 970,831 875,925 1,014,401 892,796 867,618 952,762 952,418 1,164,718 1,124,642 1,245,545 1,309,221 1,273,245 1,234,719 1,231,615 1.4.1. Fish caught 895,992 841,391 847,261 745,209 890,247 790,152 754,917 835,260 816,951 959,387 939,973 1,026,119 1,056,462 1,059,537 1,007,572 1,026,175 1.4.2. Remaining aquatic animals and plants 68,631 72,633 68,024 72,131 69,635 62,402 56,573 60,429 75,719 149,961 135,043 168,149 200,058 162,965 181,902 169,552 1.4.3. Hunting and gathering 68,642 63,828 55,547 58,586 54,519 40,242 56,128 57,073 59,748 55,371 49,626 51,277 52,700 50,743 45,244 35,888 2. Metallic minerals (raw minerals) 6,783,105 4,031,846 1,960,162 1,873,572 2,240,861 1,771,717 946,911 1,127,362 3,074,898 6,546,047 10,749,545 7,380,478 19,209,540 14,071,817 9,651,408 10,497,975 2.1. Iron ores . . . . . . 10,879 571 24,489 54,644 75,054 60,232 52,161 57,930 1,263,318 2,028,798 2.2. Non-ferrous metallic minerals 6,783,105 4,031,846 1,960,162 1,873,572 2,240,861 1,771,717 936,032 1,126,791 3,050,409 6,491,403 10,674,491 7,320,246 19,157,379 14,013,887 8,388,090 8,469,177 2.2.1. Copper 4,471,318 2,957,512 834,202 836,680 1,160,257 832,484 695,775 752,875 986,100 1,964,845 3,139,426 373,371 5,541,577 3,400,510 1,129,125 502,410 M.2.2.1. Copper (metal content) 50,830 23,058 7,067 6,508 8,130 7,175 1,306 635 1,248 12,159 24,894 15,229 37,257 38,887 38,398 22,923 2.2.2. Nickel 736,348 985,852 959,798 870,620 766,389 575,701 . . . . . . . . . . M.2.2.2. Nickel (metal content) 5,402 8,035 8,131 6,772 6,336 5,320 . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.3. Lead 22,118 230 . . . . . 20,343 72,964 679,364 1,594,936 618,001 2,147,609 1,311,952 548,781 608,218 M.2.2.3. Lead (metal content) 379 52 . . . . . 1,765 6,170 35,609 51,793 28,715 21,422 19,925 23,732 30,077 2.2.4. Zinc 1,445,469 . . . . . . 174,497 826,902 2,711,195 5,070,425 2,750,780 8,383,599 6,079,197 2,728,835 3,294,520 M.2.2.4. Zinc (metal content) 17,358 . . . . . . 15,140 69,925 160,657 202,360 154,062 139,014 147,098 145,468 172,381 2.2.5. Tin 24,782 30,786 27,572 25,172 32,535 46,500 42,610 27,732 36,120 31,014 25,700 30,120 16,030 15,095 3,196 3,412 M.2.2.5. Tin (metal content) 0 0 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 5 4 2 2 2.2.6. Minerals made of gold, silver and precious metals 34 . . . 1,485 1,115 4,705 8,756 14,500 13,962 73,077 3,182,123 2,273,866 2,328,981 3,196,276 3,200,803 M.2.2.6. Minerals made of gold, silver and precious metals (metal content) 0 . . . 7 8 9 7 18 59 119 122 50 69 92 104 2.2.7. Minerals made of bauxite and other aluminium ores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M.2.2.7. Minerals made of bauxite and other aluminium ores (metal content) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.8. Uranium and thorium ores . . . . . . . . 953,584 953,584 622,574 243,143 642,778 716,828 613,587 702,671 M.2.2.8. Uranium and thorium ores (metal content) . . . . . . . . 37 30 251 254 255 254 254 254 2.2.9. Other metallic minerals 83,035 57,466 138,590 141,100 280,195 315,917 192,942 142,588 160,239 137,438 148,352 122,708 151,919 161,325 168,290 157,142 M.2.2.9. Other metallic minerals (metal content) 39,922 27,703 66,319 67,323 133,689 150,733 92,058 68,033 76,455 62,196 70,783 55,417 57,488 45,803 52,089 48,805 3. Non-metallic minerals 341,794,085 412,070,799 518,010,304 613,185,215 598,291,722 563,916,687 534,769,970 522,306,762 471,725,295 425,949,549 391,304,749 369,264,353 333,979,065 301,208,309 275,408,163 276,098,347 3.1. Stones for construction or decorative purposes (excluding slate) 50,879,201 60,202,550 69,383,154 75,855,458 75,230,517 72,730,517 68,658,961 65,498,763 62,325,506 55,969,592 48,125,561 45,208,563 41,491,453 39,339,149 32,848,625 34,174,780 3.1.1. Sandstone 2,738,964 3,186,478 2,814,051 3,784,510 4,356,805 4,190,132 3,974,360 2,775,480 2,519,512 2,989,972 2,518,620 2,419,420 2,100,262 2,308,949 2,543,376 2,629,331 3.1.2. Basalt 2,352,444 2,703,071 2,757,970 3,783,242 4,211,484 5,553,544 5,097,564 4,539,134 4,308,780 4,668,626 3,043,599 2,233,882 1,715,514 1,286,849 941,016 1,195,065 3.1.3. Phonolite 1,017,885 1,010,600 1,368,095 1,637,050 1,579,981 1,561,912 1,728,754 2,119,980 1,760,794 1,610,781 1,478,554 1,486,304 1,149,864 1,098,000 845,000 676,960 3.1.4. Granite 18,300,711 22,235,703 25,010,794 27,563,605 26,209,779 25,237,742 26,164,759 25,888,013 26,123,168 22,449,606 19,616,176 19,120,096 17,418,148 16,413,827 16,523,944 18,006,344 3.1.5. Marl 8,316,357 8,999,995 12,561,236 14,182,607 14,003,099 13,922,150 10,356,143 9,442,708 9,061,964 10,132,656 9,498,097 9,770,122 9,543,993 9,781,005 4,741,468 5,144,482 3.1.6. Marble 2,369,653 2,636,577 3,751,205 5,103,717 6,534,125 6,370,797 6,020,995 5,352,084 5,087,284 4,605,981 3,661,480 3,260,313 3,207,941 2,337,566 2,092,898 1,976,813 3.1.7. Ophite 3,658,465 5,181,046 3,758,752 4,545,260 5,190,526 4,187,109 3,874,293 3,308,630 3,434,135 3,548,531 2,579,419 2,016,334 2,103,774 2,237,572 2,088,981 2,165,271 3.1.8. Porphyry 2,028,347 2,682,290 3,789,009 3,945,049 3,327,337 3,347,860 3,703,539 2,659,334 1,971,390 1,956,179 2,159,115 1,668,712 1,537,334 1,126,145 1,135,238 782,865 3.1.9. Serpentine and dunite 1,469,999 1,660,555 1,434,671 1,379,395 1,775,234 969,617 1,092,966 887,517 906,533 694,644 739,000 786,334 750,676 868,873 802,808 978,827 3.1.10. Other 8,626,376 9,906,235 12,137,371 9,931,023 8,042,147 7,389,654 6,645,588 8,525,883 7,151,946 3,312,616 2,831,501 2,447,046 1,963,947 1,880,363 1,133,896 618,822 3.2. Chalk and dolomite 14,006,313 14,586,961 18,334,549 22,669,251 22,495,337 18,283,204 15,552,581 13,926,108 12,413,529 11,891,713 9,641,714 9,235,004 8,983,136 7,400,587 5,975,447 5,395,799 3.2.1. Chalk 796,031 743,498 939,450 992,161 967,435 973,226 1,062,933 1,013,583 876,225 889,241 889,049 788,045 814,255 829,487 785,212 788,058 3.2.2. Dolomite 13,210,282 13,843,463 17,395,099 21,677,090 21,527,902 17,309,978 14,489,648 12,912,525 11,537,304 11,002,472 8,752,665 8,446,959 8,168,881 6,571,100 5,190,235 4,607,741 3.3. Slate 946,867 1,026,642 1,821,808 1,690,780 1,608,959 1,947,635 2,269,079 2,208,268 1,887,412 2,908,186 2,271,452 2,024,366 2,212,155 2,095,208 2,151,035 2,326,018 3.4. Minerals for fertilisers and chemicals 3,690,318 4,104,206 4,406,811 4,801,755 4,118,242 4,576,765 5,525,849 5,031,833 3,969,547 4,924,947 6,095,755 6,455,730 6,440,144 7,786,063 8,490,244 7,436,996 3.4.1. Baryte 2,050 5,212 11,100 26,770 45,001 42,792 40,776 44,660 50,071 62,162 32,653 39,553 79,820 102,411 81,621 30,103 3.4.2. Potassium chloride 857,036 802,424 788,253 886,232 821,983 824,323 922,016 842,546 677,618 784,528 869,974 915,860 823,610 1,064,727 1,134,119 1,059,359 3.4.3. Acid spar 126,730 111,810 127,300 132,760 140,260 138,772 135,505 129,195 131,155 126,565 132,690 136,425 127,495 116,166 109,085 108,205 3.4.4. Metallic spar 3,787 4,238 5,506 4,963 4,585 11,060 10,189 10,071 10,279 7,504 7,776 11,813 8,073 8,821 7,441 10,206 3.4.5. Ceramic spar 1,824 6,485 15,930 17,474 12,666 7,150 . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.6. Iron oxides 29,808 45,520 112,218 123,287 133,265 161,555 139,784 180,275 153,444 126,554 86,620 31,908 60,915 84,489 74,886 54,879 3.4.7. Pyrite . . . . . . . . . 152,427 205,353 391,130 883,145 979,068 1,042,457 875,482 3.4.8. Potassium salts 2,669,083 3,128,517 3,346,504 3,610,269 2,960,482 3,391,113 4,277,579 3,825,086 2,946,980 3,665,207 4,760,689 4,929,041 4,457,086 5,430,381 6,040,635 5,298,762 3.5. Salt 4,451,302 3,540,849 4,302,728 4,144,429 4,405,596 4,398,947 3,993,262 3,987,670 3,892,384 3,655,076 3,869,996 3,920,836 3,699,697 3,593,705 3,436,647 3,685,333 3.5.1. Rock salt 3,115,940 2,102,207 2,909,907 2,709,545 2,809,048 2,908,526 2,656,904 2,562,832 2,559,760 2,345,083 2,328,464 2,425,338 2,286,230 2,305,062 2,216,482 2,214,680 3.5.2. Spring salt 92,644 99,853 102,149 102,524 115,826 121,461 108,733 97,730 97,945 99,375 105,187 95,346 92,408 95,708 100,369 94,499 3.5.3. Sea salt 1,242,718 1,338,789 1,290,672 1,332,360 1,480,722 1,368,960 1,227,625 1,327,108 1,234,679 1,210,618 1,436,345 1,400,152 1,321,059 1,192,935 1,119,796 1,376,154 3.6. Limestone and gypsum 169,441,702 204,711,618 256,995,809 305,577,588 302,703,576 289,427,365 279,348,892 267,860,008 248,388,832 220,241,397 203,987,951 195,248,327 169,332,271 152,274,164 142,711,663 142,716,054 3.6.1. Limestone 162,451,453 196,530,203 245,226,902 291,042,166 287,373,309 274,974,312 266,814,920 256,493,633 237,170,422 208,332,244 194,058,473 186,034,738 160,274,059 144,532,451 135,452,828 135,220,827 3.6.2. Plaster 6,990,249 8,181,415 11,768,907 14,535,422 15,330,267 14,453,053 12,533,972 11,366,375 11,218,410 11,909,153 9,929,478 9,213,589 9,058,212 7,741,713 7,258,835 7,495,227 3.7. Clays and kaolin 13,840,403 14,720,349 25,102,912 34,215,556 32,382,113 30,275,636 32,157,716 31,595,673 28,948,145 26,614,311 24,068,648 21,171,035 20,617,480 18,874,147 18,178,639 16,883,176 3.7.1. Refractory clay 289,316 175,377 214,495 227,453 218,420 138,334 119,344 198,179 174,631 149,372 140,531 128,981 171,594 106,487 94,780 107,359 3.7.2. Attapulgite 27,841 21,110 27,348 24,615 20,933 20,565 20,796 18,975 22,918 24,733 25,756 90,282 113,330 133,035 130,140 94,233 3.7.3. Bentonite 157,001 147,090 154,534 147,253 154,746 163,290 156,760 103,174 123,457 193,124 90,152 137,305 46,241 196,661 151,045 172,265 3.7.4. Raw kaoilin 312,150 237,607 344,081 305,655 292,339 130,090 276,620 242,461 231,745 292,844 379,493 394,226 392,181 316,141 314,122 202,941 3.7.5. Washed kaolin 310,993 270,298 355,739 486,428 458,766 463,398 437,990 427,193 419,483 371,106 353,355 326,803 312,539 296,015 317,918 316,074 3.7.6. Sepiolite 557,862 573,937 737,659 717,728 806,345 807,820 851,647 718,495 733,134 755,716 794,114 669,360 774,941 743,981 761,596 715,142 3.7.7. Common clays 12,185,240 13,294,930 23,269,056 32,306,424 30,430,564 28,552,139 30,294,559 29,887,196 27,242,777 24,827,416 22,285,247 19,424,078 18,806,654 17,081,827 16,409,038 15,275,162 3.8. Sands and gravel 77,250,219 100,842,592 125,714,625 150,543,201 145,127,455 132,980,321 119,918,131 124,347,494 102,635,688 92,601,718 86,321,435 79,118,479 74,214,439 63,595,021 55,821,975 57,257,261 3.8.1. Sands and gravel 72,148,171 95,820,276 119,060,771 143,480,319 138,089,802 125,515,480 113,947,729 118,746,034 97,857,003 88,073,147 81,688,475 74,826,345 70,722,768 60,576,635 53,014,062 54,407,092 3.8.2. Silica and silica sands 5,102,048 5,022,316 6,653,854 7,062,882 7,037,653 7,464,841 5,970,402 5,601,460 4,778,685 4,528,571 4,632,960 4,292,134 3,491,671 3,018,386 2,807,913 2,850,169 3.9. Other minerals 7,287,760 8,335,032 11,947,908 13,687,197 10,219,927 9,296,297 7,345,499 7,850,945 7,264,252 7,142,609 6,922,237 6,882,013 6,988,290 6,250,265 5,793,888 6,222,930 3.9.1. Quartzite 3,055,298 4,732,974 7,966,664 9,061,232 5,493,269 4,769,464 2,929,899 3,766,827 2,840,250 2,446,471 2,131,669 2,279,115 2,543,199 2,094,039 1,875,905 2,254,760 3.9.2. Quartz 1,128,644 789,327 958,087 1,258,806 1,357,588 1,260,437 1,139,139 1,084,239 1,415,288 1,739,819 1,961,408 1,775,561 1,611,945 1,600,400 1,437,825 1,444,481 3.9.3. Talc 51,897 47,218 59,299 78,042 83,502 90,586 107,829 101,739 108,312 93,238 114,654 117,581 110,150 118,355 109,756 112,341 3.9.4. Feldspar 691,894 597,496 690,256 683,134 674,912 650,061 552,507 563,580 548,964 509,968 478,260 439,204 429,614 400,156 415,189 379,284 3.9.5. Glauberite 1,216,787 1,121,784 1,032,978 1,025,402 908,669 968,627 944,971 816,558 754,945 694,140 669,256 739,264 809,814 726,060 670,579 640,759 3.9.6. Magnesite 462,959 390,311 442,339 464,498 520,646 556,129 567,504 517,030 637,024 550,548 534,234 505,209 482,295 409,835 483,726 491,397 3.9.7. Mica 11,858 7,925 13,596 15,895 12,992 8,131 7,825 11,800 11,783 9,514 10,086 9,362 10,278 12,397 10,747 12,623 3.9.8. Pumice stone 432,364 436,542 567,415 879,383 943,623 784,742 896,296 750,648 701,528 857,223 761,540 817,066 737,054 640,653 563,119 677,414 3.9.9. Thenardite 156,776 166,362 148,683 137,880 154,950 161,130 165,030 179,690 192,000 161,000 167,800 146,710 191,290 200,140 188,500 176,600 3.9.10. Tripoli 64,346 29,194 46,192 47,820 52,045 44,335 33,799 57,934 53,558 66,433 66,770 51,897 57,105 43,207 34,492 28,271 3.9.11. Other 14,937 15,899 22,399 35,105 17,731 2,655 700 900 600 14,255 26,560 1,044 5,546 5,023 4,050 5,000 3.10. Excavated land, only if it is used .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4. Fossil fuels 8,668,376 9,879,232 10,452,083 17,473,991 18,758,436 19,865,558 21,113,821 21,160,483 22,842,486 23,566,168 23,885,564 24,563,823 26,751,914 27,022,275 28,294,503 29,527,162 4.1. Coal and other solid energy resources 8,498,160 9,756,628 10,285,913 17,296,328 18,516,380 19,547,052 20,542,765 20,621,124 22,067,525 22,765,027 23,508,834 24,136,516 26,121,536 26,497,369 27,392,038 28,523,646 4.1.1. Lignite . . . 6,208,581 6,859,641 7,587,252 8,146,908 7,977,546 8,726,121 8,718,329 8,523,586 8,831,828 9,749,739 8,462,519 9,585,773 10,775,614 4.1.2. Coal and anthracite 8,433,198 9,697,950 10,204,688 11,000,580 11,568,937 11,886,624 12,338,628 12,587,086 13,286,102 14,001,138 14,941,368 15,261,073 16,325,887 17,991,747 17,766,135 17,699,512 4.1.3. Tar sands and bituminous slate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1.4. Peat 64,962 58,678 81,225 87,167 87,802 73,176 57,229 56,492 55,302 45,560 43,880 43,615 45,910 43,103 40,130 48,520 4.2. Liquid and gaseous energy resources 170,216 122,604 166,170 177,663 242,056 318,506 571,056 539,359 774,961 801,141 376,730 427,307 630,378 524,906 902,465 1,003,516 4.2.1. Crude oil and liquid natural gas 121,528 106,817 127,542 142,879 143,432 173,644 262,707 315,932 313,998 337,266 227,319 304,292 535,140 379,563 513,451 651,954 4.2.2. Natural gas 48,688 15,787 38,628 34,784 98,624 144,862 308,349 223,428 460,963 463,875 149,411 123,015 95,238 145,343 389,014 351,562 Notes: .Data protected by statistical secrecy 1) The symbol '.' = variable currently being studied The symbol '..' = data does not exist 2010 year is provisional (M)=Memorandum split Source: National Statistics Institute