Statistics on R&D Activities in the Business Sector Total sectors C* Indicators by OECD countries, resources allocated to R+D and period. Units: specified in variables Total internal expenditure x 100/GDP market prices Personnel R+D (FTE) x 1000/Employed Total researchers (physical persons) Percentage of women among total number of researchers 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 Australia .. .. 1.79 .. 1.88 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Austria 3.19 3.14 3.06 3.12 3.05 18.5 18.0 17.2 17.3 16.7 .. .. 83,648 .. 78,051 .. .. 30.1 .. 29.5 Belgium 2.89 2.67 2.67 2.52 2.43 19.7 18.3 17.4 16.9 16.8 .. .. 78,867 .. 73,709 .. .. 34.8 .. 34.1 Canada 1.54 1.56 1.67 1.73 1.69 .. .. 12.2 12.4 13.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chile .. 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.38 .. 1.9 2.0 2.0 1.9 .. 14,596 14,392 14,181 13,015 .. 34.4 34.4 33.1 33.0 Colombia 0.28 0.29 0.26 0.30 0.32 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Czech Republic 1.94 1.90 1.77 1.67 1.92 14.6 13.8 13.0 12.5 12.8 63,690 61,966 59,789 56,178 56,605 27.2 26.6 26.8 26.7 26.9 Danemark 2.96 3.02 3.03 3.09 3.05 20.2 21.8 21.6 21.9 21.3 .. .. 61,961 60,782 60,492 .. .. 35.8 .. 33.8 Estonia 1.61 1.41 1.28 1.23 1.46 9.9 9.5 9.4 9.2 9.0 .. 7,281 7,344 6,845 7,181 .. 43.9 42.2 43.6 43.9 Finland 2.79 2.75 2.73 2.72 2.87 19.3 19.0 19.1 18.7 20.0 58,291 55,415 54,139 53,752 55,728 33.7 33.7 33.2 32.5 32.3 France 2.19 2.20 2.20 2.22 2.27 16.3 16.1 15.9 15.7 15.6 .. 429,959 416,217 396,594 383,843 .. .. 28.3 28.0 27.0 Germany 3.18 3.12 3.05 2.94 2.93 16.2 15.8 15.5 15.1 14.9 .. .. 623,125 .. 586,030 .. .. 27.9 .. 28.0 Greece 1.27 1.21 1.15 1.01 0.97 12.0 11.4 10.7 9.4 11.5 .. .. 61,616 .. 60,736 .. .. 37.8 .. 38.0 Hungary 1.48 1.51 1.32 1.18 1.34 12.1 11.7 8.9 8.0 8.5 .. 54,970 42,729 38,915 38,418 .. 28.0 30.5 30.8 30.8 Iceland 2.35 2.01 2.08 2.11 2.18 .. .. 16.0 .. 16.0 .. .. 3,783 .. 3,722 .. .. 46.4 .. 45.6 Ireland 1.23 1.17 1.22 1.17 1.18 16.5 16.5 17.1 16.8 17.3 .. .. 34,791 .. 33,117 .. .. 36.3 .. 36.1 Israel 4.93 4.85 4.69 4.52 4.26 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Italy 1.45 1.42 1.37 1.37 1.34 14.0 13.6 12.6 11.7 10.6 .. 212,671 195,560 185,916 174,327 .. 33.9 34.3 35.2 36.0 Japan 3.24 3.28 3.21 3.16 3.28 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.0 13.2 942,180 935,658 930,720 917,725 907,455 16.9 16.6 16.2 15.7 15.3 Korea 4.64 4.52 4.29 3.99 3.98 19.4 18.7 17.6 16.9 16.9 538,136 514,170 482,796 460,769 453,262 21.0 20.4 20.1 19.7 18.9 Latvia 0.64 0.64 0.51 0.44 0.62 6.6 6.4 6.1 5.8 6.3 .. 7,439 7,504 7,400 7,827 .. 50.7 52.2 52.2 51.0 Lithuania 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.0 8.0 .. 19,198 18,767 17,746 17,293 .. 49.0 49.5 51.6 50.7 Luxembourg 1.19 1.17 1.27 1.30 1.30 12.7 12.2 12.8 12.9 13.0 .. .. 3,540 .. 3,207 .. .. 28.1 .. 28.4 Mexico 0.28 0.31 0.33 0.39 0.43 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.5 58,013 54,539 54,578 54,357 48,812 32.8 33.2 33.5 33.7 34.7 The Netherlands 2.16 2.14 2.18 2.15 2.15 16.7 16.7 16.4 16.2 15.8 .. 130,153 124,834 124,568 118,902 .. 27.0 26.1 26.1 25.2 New Zealand .. .. 1.35 .. 1.23 .. .. 14.2 .. 14.1 .. .. 44,000 .. 39,000 .. .. .. .. .. Norway 2.15 2.05 2.10 2.04 1.94 17.2 16.7 16.8 16.2 15.7 .. 59,629 57,934 54,601 52,181 .. 38.8 38.1 37.6 37.4 Poland 1.32 1.21 1.03 0.96 1.00 10.0 9.9 8.8 6.9 6.8 .. 192,833 187,905 132,547 118,494 .. 37.9 38.1 36.4 37.0 Portugal 1.40 1.35 1.32 1.28 1.24 12.4 11.8 11.5 10.8 10.5 100,823 96,123 89,659 85,780 81,005 42.8 43.3 43.7 43.5 44.1 Slovak Republic 0.83 0.84 0.89 0.79 1.16 8.7 8.4 8.0 7.7 7.8 28,851 28,755 26,861 26,720 24,396 41.0 41.2 41.9 41.4 42.2 Slovenia 2.04 1.95 1.87 2.01 2.20 16.2 15.4 14.9 15.0 15.1 .. 15,388 14,079 11,282 11,308 .. 32.5 32.3 34.5 36.5 Spain 1.25 1.24 1.21 1.19 1.22 11.4 11.4 11.1 10.9 10.9 .. 234,798 225,995 218,680 214,227 .. 40.8 40.5 40.2 40.0 Sweden 3.40 3.32 3.36 3.25 3.22 17.8 18.1 17.8 18.5 17.4 .. .. 107,042 .. 108,761 .. .. 32.6 .. 33.7 Swizterland .. .. 3.18 .. 3.26 .. .. 16.3 .. 16.6 .. .. 73,502 .. 70,834 .. .. 34.9 .. 33.5 Turkey 1.06 1.03 0.95 0.94 0.88 6.6 6.1 5.5 5.1 4.6 243,773 230,030 210,769 191,769 190,784 37.0 36.8 37.0 36.7 37.3 United Kingdom 1.76 1.73 1.68 1.66 1.65 14.8 14.3 13.8 13.1 13.2 .. 535,477 520,936 510,980 496,953 .. 38.6 38.7 38.7 38.6 United States 3.07 2.95 2.85 2.79 2.72 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Total 2.47 2.42 2.35 2.31 2.31 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. European Union - 27 countries (since 02/01/2020) 2.10 2.07 2.03 1.99 2.01 14.0 13.7 13.2 12.7 12.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Argentina .. .. 0.56 0.53 0.62 .. .. 4.4 4.5 4.4 .. .. 84,284 86,562 82,407 .. .. 53.8 53.0 52.6 China 2.23 2.14 2.12 2.10 2.06 .. 5.6 5.2 5.0 4.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Romania 0.48 0.50 0.50 0.48 0.49 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.7 .. 27,471 27,367 27,801 27,253 .. 46.2 46.7 45.8 46.2 Russian Federation 1.03 0.98 1.11 1.10 1.10 10.5 10.5 10.8 11.1 11.5 348,221 347,854 359,793 370,379 379,411 39.1 39.2 39.5 40.0 40.3 Singapore .. 1.84 1.92 2.08 2.18 .. 12.1 12.1 12.3 12.4 .. 43,310 42,838 43,177 43,159 .. 30.8 30.7 30.7 30.2 South Africa .. .. 0.83 0.82 0.80 .. .. 2.7 2.7 2.6 .. .. 61,840 56,761 51,877 .. .. 44.9 45.1 45.0 Chinese Taipei 3.50 3.36 3.19 3.09 3.00 23.6 22.9 22.5 22.2 21.9 199,144 193,035 187,971 184,898 183,022 22.7 22.6 22.6 22.3 22.2 Notes: 1) Source: OECD. MSTI 2020-2 Database. FTE: Full Time Equivalent '..' data not available C** - table added on April 29, 2022. Source: National Statistics Institute