- Methods and Projects
- Standards and Classifications
Standardised Methodological Report
Environmental Accounts: Other Environmental Accounts
- 1Contact
- 1.1Contact organisation
National Statistics Institute of Spain
- 1.5Contact mail address
Paseo de la Castellana 183 - 28046 Madrid
- 1.1Contact organisation
- 2Metadata update
- 2.1Metadata last certified
08/03/2019
- 2.2Metadata last posted
29/11/2018
- 2.3Metadata last update
08/03/2019
- 2.1Metadata last certified
- 3Statistical presentation
- 3.1Data description
The Environmental Accounts (EA) are a synthesis statistical operation with the general objective of integrating environmental information in the central system of National Accounts, following the methodology of the United Nations' System of Environmental - Economic Accounting which constitutes the conceptual framework of the EA.
This includes a group of satellite accounts compiled using accounting formats that are applicable to different sectorial and territorial scopes, with a strong presence of physical data. Spanish National Accounts allow expanding the analysis of similar concepts, classifications and regulations without overloading the central system.
It is an essential tool for the analysis of the interrelation between the environment and the economy in general, and specifically, for the assessment of sustainable development through the design and construction of Sustainable Development Indicators, as well as monitoring policy actions in terms of national and international environment.
Waste accounts
Waste accounts constitute a statistical operation of synthesis, whose main objective is the identification of generation and treatment of waste flows that take place in a country.
Satellite water accounts
The objective of the satellite water accounts is to determine and quantify in a structured and detailed manner the quantitative and qualitative flows that arise in the hydrological system, and their connection with the economic system. They constitute satellite accounts in the general framework of Spanish National Accounts. Flows can be physical or cash flows. The National Matrix Water Accounts (NAMWA) is the information system used for the water accounts. It is structured into 13 tables and consists in a simplified matrix of national accounts complemented by rows and columns that describe the water flows and pollutant flows linked to final consumption, in physical terms.
- 3.2Classification system
- Clasificaciones utilizadas
Waste accounts
Waste are clasified following the Statistical Classification of Waste (EWC codes) and European List of Waste (ELW codes).
Next links shows the correspondences between them:
- ELW/EWC CODES: https://www.ine.es/daco/daco42/resiurba/equivalencias.pdf
- EWC/ELW CODES: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ES/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32010R0849&from=ES
National Classification by Activities (CNAE-2009)
The treatment operations are classified as follows: incineration (with and without energy recovery), recovery operations (except recycling of waste in the place it was generated) and dumping.
Satellite water accounts
The classification systems used for the branches of economic activity that make up the complete water cycle and the products and services generated by these branches, are the National Classifications of Economic Activities / (CNAE) and Products (CPA).
For the data with time reference 2007 (included) CNAE-93 and CPA-2002 are applied. For the data with time reference after the year 2007 CNAE-2009 and CPA-2008 are applied.
- Clasificaciones utilizadas
- 3.3Sector coverage
Waste accounts
Generation: Industries and households
Treatment: Waste management companies
Satellite water accounts
In the NAMWA water accounts, all of the economic sectors collected in the economic classifications mentioned in the previous section are covered. Regarding the services sector, it is important to highlight that there is no breakdown of branch of activity except with regard to branches of activity concerning water supply and the collection and filtering of wastewater.
- 3.4Statistical concepts and definitions
- Amounts invoiced to users for water services
All the concepts paid by users for the water supply, sewerage and wastewater treatment. It does not include the invoiced VAT.
- Apparent losses of non-registered water
These are the non-physical losses of water. They are due to the inaccuracy of the meters, unmeasured authorised consumption and unauthorised consumption (fraud).
- Available water
Volume of water that, during the reference year, has been available to the irrigation entities for irrigation use, by virtue of an administrative grant.
- Collection tax
This is the amount paid to the basin body for the volume of water collected, as a use tariff or regulation tax.
- Company
The company is the smallest combination of legal units that is an organizational unit producing goods or
services, which benefits from a certain degree of autonomy in decision-making, especially for the
allocation of its current resources. A company carries out one or more activities at one or more
locations. A company may be a sole legal unit. - Continental surface water
This is freshwater with a surface current in natural waterways or accumulated in natural or artificial reservoirs.
- Distribution of water to agricultural holdings
It is the water used in the irrigation of the cultivated areas, according to the type of crop and irrigation technique.
- Environmental goods and services
These are those goods and services aimed at measuring, preventing, limiting, minimising or correcting environmental damage caused to water, air and the soil, as well as problems related to waste, noise and ecosystems (environmental protection), and exhaustion of resources (management of natural resources)
- Environmental protection
This comprises all activities that mainly aim to prevent, reduce or eliminate pollution or any other degradation of the environment. This excludes all activities that, having a beneficial effect on the environment, respond mainly to the technical, hygienic or safety needs of the company.
- Environmental protection activities
Activities including within environmental protection are as follows:
Air and climate protection, waste water management, waste management, soil groundwater and surface waters protection and decontamination, noise and vibration reduction, protection against radiation (excluding outside safety), research and development related to the environment, other environmental protection activities such as training, education, administrative tasks, etc.
In order to see the different activities in more detail, please refer to the Classification of Environment Protection Activities (CAPA), a a European Union framework classification for defining what environmental protection is, and what it isn't. - Establishment or Local Unit
Establishment or Local Unit is the productive unit located in a topographically marked place (workshop, mine, factory, etc.), from which economic activities are carried out by one or more persons from the same company.
The establishment or Local Unit is the observation or information unit, that is, the unit chosen from the directory and to which the questionnaire data is to refer - Groundwater
This is the water collected from the subsoil through wells or drilling. It includes the water from springs, mineral sources or water flows.
- Integrated equipment
This is equipment or installations that are integrated into the production cycle of industrial establishments. They have a dual purpose, industrial and control of the contamination. Their main objective is to reduce the load of polluting agents generated in the productive process, in other words, to achieve a productive process which generates less pollution requiring independent equipment processing.
- Investment in equipment and plant for pollution control and special anti-pollution accessories (mainly "end-of-pipe" equipment)
Capital expenditures for methods, technologies, processes or equipment designed to collect and remove pollution and pollutants (e.g. air emissions, effluents or solid waste) after their creation, prevent the spread of and measure the level of the pollution, and treat and dispose of pollutants generated by the operating activity of the company.
- Investment in equipment and plant linked to cleaner technologies ("integrated technology")
Capital expenditures for new or adaptation of existing methods, technologies, processes, equipment (or parts thereof) designed to prevent or reduce the amount of pollution created at the source (e.g. air emissions, effluents or solid waste), thereby reducing the environmental impacts associated with the release of pollutants and/or with polluting activities.
- Irrigation by spraying
This is an irrigation modality by which the water reaches the plants in the form of artificial rain, with the use of sprayers, pivots or rangers.
- Irrigation entity (irrigation community)
They are public right corporations administratively attached to the corresponding Basin body (Hydrographic Confederation), which must oversee compliance with its statutes and orders, in addition to ensuring the proper use of the water granted via concession.
- Localised irrigation
This is an irrigation method that works drop-by-drop on the plant radicle, by trickle irrigation or microspraying.
- Losses in the main pipeline network
These are the losses that arise, from the collection from the environment to the reservoirs or distribution centres of the irrigation entity.
- Mountain flooding
This is an irrigation method that consists of inundating the crop planting area.
- Non-registered water
Non-registered water is that whose volumes are estimated, gauges or not measured. Non-registered water is broken down into real and apparent losses.
- Purchase of water
Water acquired from entities other than the River Basin Districts, such as irrigation communities, well-based communities or other water-supply entities.
- Real losses of non-registered water
These are the physical losses of water that occur in the public supply network, up to the user measurement point. They include leaks, breaks, tank overflow and breakdowns in the distribution network and in the user outlets.
- Registered water
Registered water is that measured in the meters of the users, and distributed to the different users (households, agriculture, industry, services and municipal consumption).
- Reused water
This is the volume of wastewater from the Wastewater Treatment Stations (WWTS) that is used again in some other type of economic activity.
- Sale of water
Water sold at a higher price to other entities.
- Sewerage system
Service for collection and directing wastewater to filtering or dumping sites. Information is required regarding the number of spillways in the sewerage system, as well as the number and total capacity of the storm tanks.
- Standalone equipment
This is equipment or installations that operate independently in the production process of the industrial establishment and are geared towards treatment and reduction of pollutants during the production process.
- Supply/distribution of outgoing treated water
This is the volume of treated water registered and not registered. The water registered is the measurement in the metres of the users, and distributed as outgoing to the different users (household, agriculture, industry, services and municipal consumption). The water not registered is that whose volume is estimated, gauged or not measured.
The water not registered is broken down into real and apparent losses.
- Real losses: these are the physical water losses that occur in the public supply network, up to the measurement point of the user. They include water leaks, breaks, overflows and breakdowns in the distribution networks and in user undertakings.
- Apparent losses: these are the non-physical water losses. These are due to the inaccuracy of the metres, unmeasured authorised consumption and unauthorised consumption (fraud). - Total current expenditure on environmental protection
It is the expenditure for operating and maintaining an activity, technology, process, equipment (or parts thereof) designed to prevent, reduce, treat or eliminate pollutants and pollution (e.g. air emissions, effluents or solid waste) or any other degradation of the environment resulting from the operating activity of the company.
- Value of the dumping tax
This is the amount paid for disposal into the public hydraulic domain. This includes both the dumping control tax paid to basin bodies, and the dumping tax paid to the Autonomous Communities when dealing with hazardous materials or dumping into the sea.
- Value of the public water supply
This is the amount paid to the municipal council or company that manages the water distribution in the municipality.
- Value of the sanitation and sewerage quotas
This is the amount paid to the water management company in the municipality for sewerage and wastewater treatment.
- Wastewater dumped
This is the wastewater actually dumped into the environment.
- Wastewater generated
These are the liquid effluents generated as a result of the production process
- Water acquired and supplied
Volume of water that the irrigation entities have acquired from other economic units (other irrigation entities, communities, organisations with well water supply, etc. ) in order to meet water demands that are greater than the volume granted by concession.
- Water collected by the company
This refers to to the water collected by the company with its own means, and directly from the environment. This is broken down according to the water source
- Water collection
This consists of extracting water from nature. This includes both the water collected through the granting of the corresponding River Basin District, and that collected from ones own resources.
- Water supplied to other economic units
It is the water supplied for uses other than crop irrigation (agricultural, livestock or industrial uses, urban supply, etc. )
- Water supplied via a public network
This refers to the water distributed via the municipal urban water supply networks
- Water Supply and Sanitation Unit (USSA)
The set of activities relating to the integral water cycle, which a local group, entity or company manages within the area of a single Autonomous Community.
- Amounts invoiced to users for water services
- 3.5Statistical unit
Since they are satellite accounts, the same units as in the Spanish National Accounts are used, that is, the units included in the European System of Accounts (ESA)
- 3.6Statistical population
Environmental accounts combine data from several different statistical sources. The concept of statistical population cannot be strictly applied to this context.
- 3.7Reference area
Environmental accounts cover the entire national territory.
- 3.8Time coverage
Since they are mainly pilot studies, ,most part of the accounts that are included here do not have a defined periodicity.
Waste accounts are compile annually, the time series covers 2015 and 2016
Nevertheless, Satellite water accounts are compiled annually. In the 2000 base which is currently in force, the time series covers the 2000-2010 period.
- 3.9Base period
Satellite water accounts : The base period is the year 2000
- 3.1Data description
- 4Unit of measure
- 4.1Unit of measure
Waste accounts: tonnes
- 4.1Unit of measure
- 5Reference period
- 5.1Reference period
The reference period of the data is the calendar year
Data referred to the period: Anual A: 2016
- 5.1Reference period
- 6Institutional mandate
- 6.1Legal acts and other agreements
The compilation and dissemination of the data are governed by the Statistical Law No. 12/1989 "Public Statistical Function" of May 9, 1989, and Law No. 4/1990 of June 29 on “National Budget of State for the year 1990" amended by Law No. 13/1996 "Fiscal, administrative and social measures" of December 30, 1996, makes compulsory all statistics included in the National Statistics Plan. The National Statistical Plan 2009-2012 was approved by the Royal Decree 1663/2008. It contains the statistics that must be developed in the four year period by the State General Administration's services or any other entity dependent on it. All statistics included in the National Statistics Plan are statistics for state purposes and are obligatory. The National Statistics Plan 2017-2020, approved by Royal Decree 410/2016, of 31 October, is the Plan currently implemented. This statistical operation has governmental purposes, and it is included in the National Statistics Plan 2017-2020. (Statistics of the State Administration).
There is still no mandatory community or international regulation on this issue.
For waste, the Regulation (CE) 2150/2002 for waste satatistics (https://www.ine.es/normativa/leyes/UE/minine.htm#30079) only is mandatory for the years of reference pair.
Nevertheless, it can be said that in the year 2012 United Nations adopted the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting for Water (SEEAW) as an international recommendation standard to compile Satellite water accounts.
This regulation is available at:
https://www.ine.es/normativa/leyes/UE/minine.htm#30085 - 6.2Data sharing
The exchanges of information needed to elaborate statistics between the INE and the rest of the State statistical offices (Ministerial Departments, independent bodies and administrative bodies depending on the State General Administration), or between these offices and the Autonomic statistical offices, are regulated in the LFEP (Law of the Public Statistic Function). This law also regulates the mechanisms of statistical coordination, and concludes cooperation agreements between the different offices when necessary.
- 6.1Legal acts and other agreements
- 7Confidentiality
- 7.1Confidentiality - policy
The Statistical Law No. 12/1989 specifies that the INE cannot publish, or make otherwise available, individual data or statistics that would enable the identification of data for any individual person or entity. Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 on European statistics stipulates the need to establish common principles and guidelines ensuring the confidentiality of data used for the production of European statistics and the access to those confidential data with due account for technical developments and the requirements of users in a democratic society
- 7.2Confidentiality - data treatment
INE provides information on the protection of confidentiality at all stages of the statistical process: INE questionnaires for the operations in the national statistical plan include a legal clause protecting data under statistical confidentiality. Notices prior to data collection announcing a statistical operation notify respondents that data are subject to statistical confidentiality at all stages. For data processing, INE employees have available the INE data protection handbook, which specifies the steps that should be taken at each stage of processing to ensure reporting units' individual data are protected. The microdata files provided to users are anonymised.
The Environmental accounts are a statistical operation included in the National Statistics Plan, therefore subject to the stipulations regarding statistical secrecy in the Law of 9 May 1989. Hence, its data is protected by Statistical Secrecy in all of its compilation stages.
- 7.1Confidentiality - policy
- 8Release policy
- 8.1Release calendar
The advance release calendar that shows the precise release dates for the coming year is disseminated in the last quarter of each year.
- 8.2Release calendar access
The calendar is disseminated on the INEs Internet website (Publications Calendar)
- 8.3User access
The data are released simultaneously according to the advance release calendar to all interested parties by issuing the press release. At the same time, the data are posted on the INE's Internet website (www.ine.es/en) almost immediately after the press release is issued. Also some predefined tailor-made requests are sent to registered users. Some users could receive partial information under embargo as it is publicly described in the European Statistics Code of Practice
- 8.1Release calendar
- 9Frequency of dissemination
- 9.1Frequency of dissemination
There is no fixed periodicity for the dissemination of the results.
For Waste accounts, the periodicity is annual.
- 9.1Frequency of dissemination
- 10Accessibility and clarity
- 10.1News release
The results of the statistical operations are normally disseminated by using press releases that can be accessed via both the corresponding menu and the Press Releases Section in the web
- 10.2Publications
The users of these environmental accounts can access information on them via the INE website:
- 10.3On-line database
INEbase is the system the INE uses to store statistical information on the Internet. It contains all the information the INE produces in electronic formats. The primary organisation of the information follows the theme-based classification of the Inventory of Statistical Operations of the State General Administration . The basic unit of INEbase is the statistical operation, defined as the set of activities that lead to obtaining statistical results on a determined sector or subject based on the individually collected data. Also included in the scope of this definition are synthesis preparation.
Access to the accounts tables in INEBASE( (www.ine.es/en;)/ Physical variables and environment / Environmental accounts/Other environmental accounts:
- 10.4Micro-data access
A lot of statistical operations disseminate public domain anonymized files, available free of charge for downloading in the INE website Microdata Section
Due to the nature of Environmental Accounting, there is no available microdata
- 10.5Other
Because of the special characteristics of environmental accounts, it is not possible to compile customised requests , however all requests regarding doubts about concepts and explanation of the methodology used for data estimation are tended to.
- 10.6Documentation on methodology
The methodology of the accounts included in Other environmental accounts may be consulted at the following link:
- 10.7Quality documentation
Fields 10.6 to 17 of this document are the quality report oriented to the users of this operation.
- 10.1News release
- 11Quality management
- 11.1Quality assurance
Quality assurance framework for the INE statistics is based on the ESSCoP, the European Statistics Code of Practice made by EUROSTAT. The ESSCoP is made up of 16 principles, gathered in three areas: Institutional Environment, Processes and Products. Each principle is associated with some indicators which make possible to measure it. In order to evaluate quality, EUROSTAT provides different tools: the indicators mentioned above, Self-assessment based on the DESAP model, peer review, user satisfaction surveys and other proceedings for evaluation.
The quality of synthesis statistics, such as the environmental accounts presented in this document, is subject to the quality of the used statistical sources. It is an iterative process since it is ultimately the compilation of the accounts the one that reflects the quality level and the level of internal coherence of the used sources. The internal coherence of the different sources used for the compilation of the accounts is monitored, so as to reconcile the statistical levels of the statistical magnitudes and variables that are used
- 11.2Quality assessment
The quality of synthesis statistics, such as the environmental accounts presented in this document, is subject to the quality of the used statistical sources. It is an iterative process since it is ultimately the compilation of the accounts the one that reflects the quality level and the level of internal coherence of the used sources.
- 11.1Quality assurance
- 12Relevance
- 12.1User needs
Environmental accounts allow observing the pressure that the economy puts on the environment and studies ways of reducing it. They show the interactions among the economy, households and environmental factors. Therefore, they offer more information than the Spanish National Accounts on this topic.
As they are a main source of data on the environment, they are essential for making decisions regarding environmental politics and development of impact assessment at a national and international level. According to the principles of sustainable development included in the Europe 2020 Strategy and other initiatives, as well as the advance towards and economy that is efficient in the use of resources and low in emissions, it is getting more and more necessary to develop and implement a data framework structure that systematically includes environmental and economic topics.
Moreover, as they constitute synthesis statistics in the environmental field, they allow identifying gaps and improvements in the Spanish statistical system.
Among the environmental accounts users, it is important to highlight:• Ministries and other public institutions (observatories, etc.)
• Territorial administrations (Autonomous Communities)
• Researchers and Academic institutions
• Non-profit companies and institutions (Company research services, foundations, associations, etc.), trade unions and employers' organisations.
• Press and specialised media
Similarly, there are foreign institutional users (Eurostat, OECD, United Nations, etc.) - 12.2User satisfaction
The INE has carried out general user satisfaction surveys in 2007, 2010, 2013 and 2016 and it plans to continue doing so every three years. The purpose of these surveys is to find out what users think about the quality of the information of the INE statistics and the extent to which their needs of information are covered. In addition, additional surveys are carried out in order to acknowledge better other fields such as dissemination of the information, quality of some publications...
On the INE website, in its section Methods and Projects / Quality and Code of Practice / INE quality management / User surveys are available surveys conducted to date.(Click next link)
In the User Satisfaction Surveys carried out to date, there is assessment of the Environment sector in which the statistical operation is encompassed, which can guide as to what the users' opinion is.
- 12.3Completeness
To date, the accounts that are included here are in research stage.
The Water Accounts compiled following the NAMWA format, may be considered an initial synthesis of environmental information regarding the full water cycle. It is planned to compile these accounts in SSEAW format for the year 2011 and following years. On the other hand, EUROSTAT is handling the compilation of some water accounts that, when the time has come, will have to be compulsorily completed by the Member States of the European Union.
- 12.1User needs
- 13Accuracy and reliability
- 13.1Overall accuracy
Environmental Accounts are synthesis statistics, therefore they are affected by sampling errors coming from sources from which information is collected, which are analysed in order to see if they remain within reasonable limits. Non-sampling errors may come from the sources or from the information treatment of this operation (lack of coverage, measurement errors).
- 13.2Sampling error
Environmental Accounts are synthesis statistics, therefore the sampling errors they are affected by come from the statistical sources they use.
- 13.3Non-sampling error
Environmental Accounts are synthesis statistics, therefore non-sampling errors may come from the statistical sources used for their compilation as well as from the treatment of the information itself.
The main instrument for analysing the accuracy is the analysis of the revisions. The revisions show the degree of proximity between subsequent estimators of the same value, and it is reasonable to assume that the estimators converge on the true value when they are based on better and more reliable data.
- 13.1Overall accuracy
- 14Timeliness and punctuality
- 14.1Timeliness
Due to their pilot study nature in most of their accounts, as well as the diversity and variety of sources used, a period of time between the availability of the data and the compilation of the accounts is not established.
- 14.2Punctuality
Due to their pilot study nature in most of their accounts, there is no fixed period in which they shall be published.
- 14.1Timeliness
- 15Coherence and Comparability
- 15.1Comparability - geographical
In general, the Member States of the EU use the same methodology for the compilation of estimates, which allows comparability.
- 15.2Comparability - over time
Since in most cases they are pilot studies for certain years, it is not applicable
For Waste accounts, CC2 = 2
From the year 2010, the SEEAW methodology recommended by the United Nations Statistics and Accounts Division is applied for the compilation of the Water Accounts. Due to this, time comparability with the results that are previous to the aforementioned year, will be affected by this change of methodology.
- 15.3Coherence - cross domain
In General, Environmental accounts are coherent with the Spanish National Accounts.
- 15.4Coherence - internal
The annual results of the accounts are coherent with each other and with the available annual series.
- 15.1Comparability - geographical
- 16Cost and burden
- 16.1Cost and burden
In the 2018 annual Program, the estimate of the necessary budget appropriation to finance the Other Environmental Accounts operation is 7.86 thousand euros.
There is no burden on respondents, since the information provided by other statistics is used.
- 16.1Cost and burden
- 17Data revision
- 17.1Data revision - policy
The INE of Spain has a policy which regulates the basic aspects of statistical data revision, seeking to ensure process transparency and product quality. This policy is laid out in the document approved by the INE board of directors on 13 March of 2015, which is available on the INE website, in the section "Methods and projects/Quality and Code of Practice/INE’s Quality management/INE’s Revision policy" (link).
This general policy sets the criteria that the different type of revisions should follow: routine revision- it is the case of statistics whose production process includes regular revisions-; more extensive revision- when methodological or basic reference source changes take place-; and exceptional revision- for instance, when an error appears in a published statistic-.
In general, no preview results are disseminated. The published data is final and not subject to revision.
- 17.2Data revision - practice
Depending of the accounts, there could be revisions of the estimates provided by these accounts.
- 17.1Data revision - policy
- 18Statistical processing
- 18.1Source data
Since Environmental Accounts are synthesis statistics, they integrate and reconcile a great amount of economic and environmental information sources.
For waste accounts, the main sources of information are
- statistics on generation, collection and treatment of waste elaborated by the INE
- the information provided by other Ministries, mainly the Ministry for the Ecological Transition.In the case of Satellite Water Accounts:
The most relevant information used for its compilation is the following:
National Statistics Institute
- Survey on water supply and treatment
- Survey on water use in the agrarian sector
- Survey on water use in the industrial sector
Ministry of the Treasury and Autonomous Communities
- General State Budgets
Ministry of Agriculture, Fish and Food; Ministry for Ecological Transition
- Settlement of income and expenditure of State Water Companies
- Survey on Crop Areas and Yields in Spain
- 18.2Frequency of data collection
Compilation frequency depends on each account. They are generally compiled annually, but many of them have been exceptional pilot studies.
- 18.3Data collection
Data collection techniques may vary depending on the type of source, date in which the data is available, etc.
Generally, the data is sent to the Environmental Accounts Unit by the different units that compile it. However the information can sometimes be obtained directly via the corresponding database.
- 18.4Data validation
The base information coming from different statistics undergoes a set of treatments: Outlier identification, error filtering, adjustment to Environmental Accounts stipulations.
- 18.5Data compilation
The compilation process may be structured in several stages:
1. Updating of base information: collection of available data
2. Treatment of the base information: it is subjected to a series of treatments, consisting of identifying outliers, filtering errors and adapting to the terms of the Environmental Accounts.
3. Estimation process of the different components and aggregates of the accounts, with a breakdown by environmental scopes.
4. Analysis of the estimates: the time result series are analysed so as to detect possible errors.
5. Preparation of final result files with the different required formats: sending format to EUROSTAT (if required), and files for dissemination in INEbase (Results, Methodology)
- 18.6Adjustment
No seasonal adjustments are carried out.
- 18.1Source data
- 19Comment
- 19.1Comment
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- 19.1Comment