- Methods and Projects
- Standards and Classifications
Standardised Methodological Report
Statistics on Acquisition of Spanish Citizenship of Residents
- 1Contact
- 1.1Contact organisation
National Statistics Institute of Spain
- 1.5Contact mail address
Avenida de Manoteras 50-52 - 28050 Madrid
- 1.1Contact organisation
- 2Metadata update
- 2.1Metadata last certified
07/06/2024
- 2.2Metadata last posted
14/06/2024
- 2.3Metadata last update
07/06/2024
- 2.1Metadata last certified
- 3Statistical presentation
- 3.1Data description
The objective of the Statistics on Acquisition of Spanish Citizenship of Residents is to provide a quantitative measure of acquisitions of Spanish citizenship by foreign residents in Spain, broken down by sex, age, place of residence, previous citizenship, country of birth and mode of acquisition.
In addition, from 2022 (data from 2019), data will also be broken down by year of arrival in Spain, level of studies, relationship with economic activity and occupation.
- 3.2Classification system
- Comunidades y Ciudades Autónomas
01 Andalucía
02 Aragón
03 Asturias, Principado de
04 Balears, Illes
05 Canarias
06 Cantabria
07 Castilla y León
08 Castilla - La Mancha
09 Cataluña
10 Comunitat Valenciana
11 Extremadura
12 Galicia
13 Madrid, Comunidad de
14 Murcia, Región de
15 Navarra, Comunidad Foral de
16 País Vasco
17 Rioja, La
18 Ceuta
19 Melilla - Edad 3
Y0 Menos de 1 año
Y1 1 año
Y2 2 años
Y3 3 años
Y4 4 años
Y5 5 años
Y6 6 años
Y7 7 años
Y8 8 años
Y9 9 años
Y10 10 años
Y11 11 años
Y12 12 años
Y13 13 años
Y14 14 años
Y15 15 años
Y16 16 años
Y17 17 años
Y18 18 años
Y19 19 años
Y20 20 años
Y21 21 años
Y22 22 años
Y23 23 años
Y24 24 años
Y25 25 años
Y26 26 años
Y27 27 años
Y28 28 años
Y29 29 años
Y30 30 años
Y31 31 años
Y32 32 años
Y33 33 años
Y34 34 años
Y35 35 años
Y36 36 años
Y37 37 años
Y38 38 años
Y39 39 años
Y40 40 años
Y41 41 años
Y42 42 años
Y43 43 años
Y44 44 años
Y45 45 años
Y46 46 años
Y47 47 años
Y48 48 años
Y49 49 años
Y50 50 años
Y51 51 años
Y52 52 años
Y53 53 años
Y54 54 años
Y55 55 años
Y56 56 años
Y57 57 años
Y58 58 años
Y59 59 años
Y60 60 años
Y61 61 años
Y62 62 años
Y63 63 años
Y64 64 años
Y-GE65 65 y más años - Formas de adquisición de la nacionalidad
1 Residencia
2 Opción
3 Carta de naturaleza
O Otros - Grupos de edad 7
Y0T4 De 0 a 4 años
Y5T9 De 5 a 9 años
Y10T14 De 10 a 14 años
Y15T19 De 15 a 19 años
Y20T24 De 20 a 24 años
Y25T29 De 25 a 29 años
Y30T34 De 30 a 34 años
Y35T39 De 35 a 39 años
Y40T44 De 40 a 44 años
Y45T49 De 45 a 49 años
Y50T54 De 50 a 54 años
Y55T59 De 55 a 59 años
Y60T64 De 60 a 64 años
Y65T69 65 y más años - Nacionalidad 9
2.11 De la Unión Europea sin España
103 Bélgica
104 Bulgaria
107 Dinamarca
109 Finlandia
110 Francia
113 Irlanda
115 Italia
121 Países Bajos
122 Polonia
123 Portugal
125 Reino Unido
126 Alemania
128 Rumanía
131 Suecia
142 Lituania
2.11.O De otros países de la Unión Europea sin España
2.12 Del resto de Europa
120 Noruega
132 Suiza
135 Ucrania
137 Moldavia
154 Rusia
2.12.O De otros países del resto de Europa
2.02 De África
203 Argelia
216 Gambia
217 Ghana
218 Guinea
220 Guinea Ecuatorial
227 Mali
228 Marruecos
230 Mauritania
234 Nigeria
239 Senegal
2.02.O De otros países de África
2.31 De América del Norte
301 Canadá
302 Estados Unidos de América
303 México
2.32 De Centro América y Caribe
315 Cuba
321 Honduras
323 Nicaragua
326 República Dominicana
2.32.O De otros países de Centro América y Caribe
2.33 De Sudamérica
340 Argentina
341 Bolivia
342 Brasil
343 Colombia
344 Chile
345 Ecuador
347 Paraguay
348 Perú
350 Uruguay
351 Venezuela
2.33.O De otros países de Sudamérica
2.04 De Asia
404 Bangladesh
407 China
409 Filipinas
410 India
426 Pakistán
2.04.O De otros países de Asia
2.05 De Oceanía
555 Apátridas - Provincias
02 Albacete
03 Alicante/Alacant
04 Almería
01 Araba/Álava
33 Asturias
05 Ávila
06 Badajoz
07 Balears, Illes
08 Barcelona
48 Bizkaia
09 Burgos
10 Cáceres
11 Cádiz
39 Cantabria
12 Castellón/Castelló
13 Ciudad Real
14 Córdoba
15 Coruña, A
16 Cuenca
20 Gipuzkoa
17 Girona
18 Granada
19 Guadalajara
21 Huelva
22 Huesca
23 Jaén
24 León
25 Lleida
27 Lugo
28 Madrid
29 Málaga
30 Murcia
31 Navarra
32 Ourense
34 Palencia
35 Palmas, Las
36 Pontevedra
26 Rioja, La
37 Salamanca
38 Santa Cruz de Tenerife
40 Segovia
41 Sevilla
42 Soria
43 Tarragona
44 Teruel
45 Toledo
46 Valencia/València
47 Valladolid
49 Zamora
50 Zaragoza
51 Ceuta
52 Melilla - Sexo
1 Hombres
2 Mujeres
- Comunidades y Ciudades Autónomas
- 3.3Sector coverage
Population with usual residence in Spain and that has acquired Spanish citizenship during the reference period.
- 3.4Statistical concepts and definitions
- Acquisition of citizenship
Action by which a person acquires the citizenship of a specific country, having previously been a citizen of another country, or stateless.
- Acquisition of citizenship by choice
For a person whose father or mother had been a Spaniard and was born in Spain or those who are or have been subject to the parental authority of a Spaniard and some other cases regulated by law- particularly, the Law of Historical Memory extends the possibility of acquiring Spanish citizenship by choice to those whose mother or father was originally Spanish and for the grandchildren of those who lost or were forced to forfeit their Spanish citizenship as a consequence of the exile-.
- Acquisition of citizenship by Naturalization
This form of acquiring citizenship is ex-gratia and not subject to the general rules of administrative procedure. Naturalization shall be granted or not, discretionally, by the Government, through a Royal Decree, after examining the concurrence of exceptional circumstances.
- Acquisition of citizenship by residence
This form of acquiring citizenship requires the person concerned to have been a legal resident in Spain for an uninterrupted period of ten years immediately prior to the application. In some cases, the residence period may be shortened.
- Age
Age in years refers to the number of birthdays reached by the reference date, in other words, the age last birthday.
- Citizenship
Citizenship is defined as the particular legal bond between an individual and his/her State,, acquired by birth or naturalisation, whether by declaration, option, marriage or other means according to the national legislation.
- Place of birth
Place where a person was born, in other words, the place of habitual residence of the mother at the time of birth, determined on the date of collecting data.
- Resident population
The population resident in a given geographical scope is defined as those persons who, on the reference date, have established their usual residence therein.
- Sex
Sex refers to the biological sex of the person. According to the WHO, "sex" refers to biological and physiological features defining to men and women, whereas "gender" refers to the roles, behaviour, activities and attributes constructed socially that a specific culture regards as appropriate for men and women. In accordance with this description, the WHO regards "man" and "woman" as sex categories, whereas "male" and "female" are gender categories.
- Usual residence
Place where a person normally spends rest periods, not taking into account temporary absences due to leisure trips, holidays, visits to family and friends, business, visiting friends or relatives or religious pilgrimages. Nevertheless, it is important to highlight that only usual residents in a region will be considered:
- Those who, according to the previous definition, would usually have lived therein for a continuous period of at least 12 months.
- Those who, according to the previous definition, would have established their usual residence therein less than 12 months ago, but with the intention of remaining therein for at least one year.
Where the above circumstances cannot be established, "usual residence" shall mean the place of registered residence.
- Acquisition of citizenship
- 3.5Statistical unit
Acquisition of Spanish citizenship by a foreign person resident in Spain.
- 3.6Statistical population
Group of foreign persons resident in Spain who acquire Spanish citizenship throughout the reference period.
- 3.7Reference area
The statistics cover the entire national territory, and are disseminated for the national total, for each of the Autonomous Communities and Cities, and for the provinces.
- 3.8Time coverage
From 2013
- 3.9Base period
2013
- 3.1Data description
- 4Unit of measure
- 4.1Unit of measure
Number of foreign persons resident in Spain who acquire Spanish citizenship during the reference period.
- 4.1Unit of measure
- 5Reference period
- 5.1Reference period
Calendar year.
Data referred to the period: Anual A: 2023
- 5.1Reference period
- 6Institutional mandate
- 6.1Legal acts and other agreements
The compilation and dissemination of the data are governed by the Statistical Law No. 12/1989 "Public Statistical Function" of May 9, 1989, and Law No. 4/1990 of June 29 on “National Budget of State for the year 1990" amended by Law No. 13/1996 "Fiscal, administrative and social measures" of December 30, 1996, makes compulsory all statistics included in the National Statistics Plan. The National Statistical Plan 2009-2012 was approved by the Royal Decree 1663/2008. It contains the statistics that must be developed in the four year period by the State General Administration's services or any other entity dependent on it. All statistics included in the National Statistics Plan are statistics for state purposes and are obligatory. The National Statistics Plan 2021-2024, approved by Royal Decree 1110/2020, of 15 December, is the Plan currently implemented. This statistical operation has governmental purposes, and it is included in the National Statistics Plan 2021-2024. (Statistics of the State Administration).
Regulation 862/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council on Migration Statistics and International Protection.
The Spanish version of this European Union regulation is accessible at
- 6.2Data sharing
The exchanges of information needed to elaborate statistics between the INE and the rest of the State statistical offices (Ministerial Departments, independent bodies and administrative bodies depending on the State General Administration), or between these offices and the Autonomic statistical offices, are regulated in the LFEP (Law of the Public Statistic Function). This law also regulates the mechanisms of statistical coordination, and concludes cooperation agreements between the different offices when necessary.
The results of the Statistics on Acquisitions of Spanish Citizenship of Residents are transmitted internationally as official figures for all purposes.
- 6.1Legal acts and other agreements
- 7Confidentiality
- 7.1Confidentiality - policy
The Statistical Law No. 12/1989 specifies that the INE cannot publish, or make otherwise available, individual data or statistics that would enable the identification of data for any individual person or entity. Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 on European statistics stipulates the need to establish common principles and guidelines ensuring the confidentiality of data used for the production of European statistics and the access to those confidential data with due account for technical developments and the requirements of users in a democratic society
- 7.2Confidentiality - data treatment
INE provides information on the protection of confidentiality at all stages of the statistical process: INE questionnaires for the operations in the national statistical plan include a legal clause protecting data under statistical confidentiality. Notices prior to data collection announcing a statistical operation notify respondents that data are subject to statistical confidentiality at all stages. For data processing, INE employees have available the INE data protection handbook, which specifies the steps that should be taken at each stage of processing to ensure reporting units' individual data are protected. The microdata files provided to users are anonymised.
No confidentiality measures have been adopted in addition to those already indicated as usual in all INE operations.
- 7.1Confidentiality - policy
- 8Release policy
- 8.1Release calendar
The advance release calendar that shows the precise release dates for the coming year is disseminated in the last quarter of each year.
- 8.2Release calendar access
The calendar is disseminated on the INEs Internet website (Publications Calendar)
- 8.3User access
The data are released simultaneously according to the advance release calendar to all interested parties by issuing the press release. At the same time, the data are posted on the INE's Internet website (www.ine.es/en) almost immediately after the press release is issued. Also some predefined tailor-made requests are sent to registered users. Some users could receive partial information under embargo as it is publicly described in the European Statistics Code of Practice
- 8.1Release calendar
- 9Frequency of dissemination
- 9.1Frequency of dissemination
Annual
- 9.1Frequency of dissemination
- 10Accessibility and clarity
- 10.1News release
The results of the statistical operations are normally disseminated by using press releases that can be accessed via both the corresponding menu and the Press Releases Section in the web
- 10.2Publications
No specific publications are made. All the information related to the Statistics on Acquisition of Spanish Citizenship of Residents is published on the INE website within the section Demography and population / Demographic phenomena, in the following link:
- 10.3On-line database
INEbase is the system the INE uses to store statistical information on the Internet. It contains all the information the INE produces in electronic formats. The primary organisation of the information follows the theme-based classification of the Inventory of Statistical Operations of the State General Administration . The basic unit of INEbase is the statistical operation, defined as the set of activities that lead to obtaining statistical results on a determined sector or subject based on the individually collected data. Also included in the scope of this definition are synthesis preparation.
The tables with the aggregated results are available at the following link:
- 10.4Micro-data access
A lot of statistical operations disseminate public domain anonymized files, available free of charge for downloading in the INE website Microdata Section
Not available
- 10.5Other
This operation enables to satisfy requests for customised information from users who are not included in the results tables, after a feasibility study by the INE, as appropriate.
The request is made through the User Service Area:
https://www.ine.es/ss/Satellite?c=Page&p=1254735638180&pagename=ProductosYServicios%2FPYSLayout&cid=1254735638180&L=1 - 10.6Documentation on methodology
The methodology of the operation can be consulted in:
- 10.7Quality documentation
Fields 10.6 to 17.2 of this document are considered as the user-oriented quality report for this operation.
- 10.1News release
- 11Quality management
- 11.1Quality assurance
Quality assurance framework for the INE statistics is based on the ESSCoP, the European Statistics Code of Practice made by EUROSTAT. The ESSCoP is made up of 16 principles, gathered in three areas: Institutional Environment, Processes and Products. Each principle is associated with some indicators which make possible to measure it. In order to evaluate quality, EUROSTAT provides different tools: the indicators mentioned above, Self-assessment based on the DESAP model, peer review, user satisfaction surveys and other proceedings for evaluation.
The Statistics on Acquisition of Spanish Citizenship of Residents is prepared from the statistical processing of acquisitions of citizenship registered in the Civil Registry database.
In order to evaluate and improve the quality of the information received from the Civil Registry, controls are carried out in all phases of the information process up to its publication, including a crossing with data from the Municipal Register. In particular:
- We contrast the monthly information received from the Civil Registry with that received in previous months in order to keep it continuously updated and without duplicates.
- We contrast this information with the Municipal Register to avoid inconsistencies and recover data not reported by the Civil Registry.
- Consistency checks between variables are performed.
- Verification of valid values of the variables.
- For those variables that remain blank, an imputation process is carried out respecting the relative distribution of frequencies.
However, from the computerisation of the Civil Register, this data has good quality, especially as from 2013, when the Statistics on Acquisitions of Spanish Citizenship of Residents was launched.
There is also total consistency between all territorial levels.
- 11.2Quality assessment
The errors and the lack of completion of variables detected in the files received are cleaned with the information from the Municipal Register.
Less than 1% of the files from the Civil Register are disregarded because they are pure duplicates or contain erroneous or incomplete information.
Less than 5% of the acquisitions received cannot be crossed with the Municipal Register for contrast and/or data recovery.
- 11.1Quality assurance
- 12Relevance
- 12.1User needs
These data comprise the official data on acquisitions of Spanish citizenship of residents in Spain.
It is also available to all users who need to analyse the demographic evolution of the country or be used, in turn, in the production or analysis of other types of statistical information. In addition, such figures are those used by international bodies as data on acquisitions of Spanish citizenship for all purposes.
- 12.2User satisfaction
The INE has carried out general user satisfaction surveys in 2007, 2010, 2013, 2016 and 2019 and it plans to continue doing so every three years. The purpose of these surveys is to find out what users think about the quality of the information of the INE statistics and the extent to which their needs of information are covered. In addition, additional surveys are carried out in order to acknowledge better other fields such as dissemination of the information, quality of some publications...
On the INE website, in its section Methods and Projects / Quality and Code of Practice / INE quality management / User surveys are available surveys conducted to date.(Click next link)
- 12.3Completeness
This operation provides all the information required by Regulation 862/2007 of the European Parliament and of the European Council on Migration Statistics and International Protection concerning figures on acquisitions of Spanish citizenship of residents in Spain.
The rate of available mandatory results is therefore 100% (R1=100%).
- 12.1User needs
- 13Accuracy and reliability
- 13.1Overall accuracy
There are no measures of the accuracy of the results of this operation.
The main sources of error in this statistic could stem from recording errors or failure to complete some variables in the Civil Register files. In order to control these errors, the procedures described in point 11.1 are carried out.
Being the Statistics on Acquisitions of Spanish Citizenship of Residents based on administrative sources, they are not affected by sampling errors. Non-sampling errors may come from both the sources and the information treatment in this operation (lack of coverage, measurement errors). The direct measurement of accuracy in this case is not considered possible. The main instrument for analyzing the accuracy is the analysis of the revisions. The revisions show the degree of proximity between subsequent estimators of the same value, and it is reasonable to assume that the estimators converge on the true value when they are based on better and more reliable data. (See 17.2)
- 13.2Sampling error
Not applicable to this statistical operation, as it is a statistic from administrative sources, and not a sample survey.
- 13.3Non-sampling error
Given that this is an operation based on the statistical processing of data from registry sources (see section 18.1), non-sampling errors in this statistical operation are basically due to:
- Possible registration errors, which are corrected by a cleaning process. Of the files from the Civil Registry, approximately 3% are disregarded for being pure duplicates or containing erroneous or incomplete information.
- Possible failure to fill in some variables, for which an automatic imputation process is carried out. For 2023 data we have:
A5(country of previous citizenship) = A7(country of previous citizenship) = 3.4%
A5(country of birth) = A7(country of birth) = 0.1%
- Possible lack of information at the time of estimation due to delays in your registration. This is offset by the consideration of delayed citizenship acquisitions such as occurring in the reference year.
- 13.1Overall accuracy
- 14Timeliness and punctuality
- 14.1Timeliness
Given the improvement in the pace of data arrival, from 2022 the results are only disseminated once a year, in the second quarter (at the latest 6 months after the reference period), on a definitive basis. I.e. TP2=6.
Until 2021 they were disseminated biannually. The first time, 6 months after the reference period, on a provisional basis, and the second time, 12 months after their reference period, on a definitive basis.
- 14.2Punctuality
This operation is disseminated within the time frame established in the INE structural statistics calendar (TP3=0; it is disseminated with no delay).
- 14.1Timeliness
- 15Coherence and Comparability
- 15.1Comparability - geographical
The results keep total interterritorial consistency, at all levels of disaggregation. In addition, they are calculated based on the definitions established in Regulation 862/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council on Migration Statistics and International Protection and sponsored, in turn, by the United Nations, thus favouring international comparability.
- 15.2Comparability - over time
Data are provided from 2013 according to a homogeneous methodology and, therefore, fully comparable over time.
The annual series of results therefore consists of 11 comparable elements (CC2=11).
- 15.3Coherence - cross domain
The Statistics on Acquisitions of Spanish Citizenship of Residents is developed following the concepts and definitions established by EUROSTAT in Regulation 862/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council on Migration Statistics and International Protection, which favours its international comparability.
There is another source of information related to the process of acquiring Spanish citizenship by foreigners, which is the Statistics of Granting of Spanish Citizenship due to Residence, elaborated by the Ministry of Employment and Social Security. This statistic differs from the Statistics of Acquisitions of Spanish Citizenship of Residents in two key points: it only considers acquisitions due to residence, and the time reference is the moment of the granting of citizenship, which is a procedure prior to the effective acquisition, so there is a time lag between both statistics. Until 2012, this was the only statistic published. As of 2014 (with data from 2013), the two coexist.
- 15.4Coherence - internal
The data have total interterritorial and demographic consistency.
- 15.1Comparability - geographical
- 16Cost and burden
- 16.1Cost and burden
This is a statistic elaborated from administrative sources. Therefore, it does not require the collaboration of reporting units and does not generate data collection costs.
The estimated budget appropriation necessary to finance this statistic foreseen in the 2024 Annual Programme of the 2021-2024 National Statistical Plan is 5.79 thousands of euros.
- 16.1Cost and burden
- 17Data revision
- 17.1Data revision - policy
The INE of Spain has a policy which regulates the basic aspects of statistical data revision, seeking to ensure process transparency and product quality. This policy is laid out in the document approved by the INE board of directors on 13 March of 2015, which is available on the INE website, in the section "Methods and projects/Quality and Code of Practice/INE’s Quality management/INE’s Revision policy" (link).
This general policy sets the criteria that the different type of revisions should follow: routine revision- it is the case of statistics whose production process includes regular revisions-; more extensive revision- when methodological or basic reference source changes take place-; and exceptional revision- for instance, when an error appears in a published statistic-.
The INE has a Policy that regulates the basic aspects of the revision of the statistical data, guaranteeing the transparency of the processes and the quality of the products. This policy is described in the document approved by the Board of Directors at the meeting held on 13 March 2015. The document is available in the "Quality and good practices" section of the INE website.
This general policy sets out the criteria to be followed for the different types of revisions: routine revisions—in cases of statistics that by their nature are revised on a regular basis; major revisions, due to methodological changes or changes in basic reference sources of statistics; and extraordinary revisions (for example, those due to an error in statistics already published).
In the case of the Statistics on Acquisitions of Spanish Citizenship of Residents, since 2022 there is only one publication per year, on a definitive basis, so there are no routine data revisions.
- 17.2Data revision - practice
As of 2022, this operation is only published once a year, on a definitive basis, and therefore, there is no revision of the data.
Until 2021 (reference period until 2020), provisional data were disseminated six months after the reference period, which were revised by the corresponding definitive data 12 months after the reference period. For the period 2014 to 2020, the most relevant indicators on total acquisitions of nationality were the following:
- MAR = 97
- RMAR = 0.00079
- MR = 62
- 17.1Data revision - policy
- 18Statistical processing
- 18.1Source data
The Statistics on Acquisitions of Spanish Citizenship of Residents is prepared from the statistical processing of the registrations of acquisition of Spanish citizenship registered in the database of the Civil Registry, of the Directorate General for Legal Security and Public Faith of the Ministry of Justice.
- 18.2Frequency of data collection
Monthly
- 18.3Data collection
Data compiled from the statistical processing of acquisitions of citizenship registered in the Civil Registry database, which are sent monthly to the INE.
- 18.4Data validation
Multiple analyses are carried out of the consistency of the evolution of the citizenship acquisition figures and of these with the data from the different demographic statistical sources.
- 18.5Data compilation
Initially, the Statistics on Acquisitions of Spanish Citizenship of Residents is compiled from the acquisitions of citizenship registered in the Civil Registry database. These registered acquisitions are statistically processed based on:
- Cleaning of the monthly file to avoid duplicates and registers with incomplete or invalidating erroneous information.
- Contrast with the accumulated file to identify possible duplicates.
- Imputation of empty or invalid variables: if possible, these data are recovered from the Municipal Register, and if not, an imputation procedure is carried out based on the records with valid values in all variables.
- Treatment of data received after the deadline: in the case of receiving acquisitions of citizenship from previous years, they are treated as if they were from the reference year, since the volume is insignificant and this allows us to close years with a final character.
- Calculation of the year of arrival in Spain for persons who acquire nationality in the reference period, having previously resided abroad. The series begins in the year 2019. Since the 2024 publication, with data from 2023, priority is given to the year of arrival obtained for the population census as of January 1 of the reference year of the data, due to the availability of annual censuses since December 2023. If this information is not found, primarily because the person entered Spain after the census date, the data is obtained as it has been up to now: based on each person's registration history. If a person entered Spain on more than one occasion, the latest entry is considered.
- Calculation of educational attainment, relationship to economic activity and occupation for persons acquiring citizenship. The series starts in the year 2019. These data are obtained from administrative registers and reflect the situation of the person on 1 January of the reference year. Due to the availability periods of the different administrative sources, these variables are obtained for the year prior to the reference year, that is, they are obtained with a one-year delay as compared with the rest of the data. Starting in 2024, with the availability of annual censuses, these variables are obtained directly from those calculated in the censuses, so their availability is conditioned by the census publication schedule.
- 18.6Adjustment
None
- 18.1Source data
- 19Comment
- 19.1Comment
- 19.1Comment