Structural Business Statistics: Construction Sector
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1.1. Contact organisation
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National Statistics Institute of Spain
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1.5. Contact mail address
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Avenida de Manoteras 50-52 - 28050 Madrid
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1.1. Contact organisation
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2.1. Metadata last certified
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01/06/2026
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2.2. Metadata last posted
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03/06/2026
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2.3. Metadata last update
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01/06/2026
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2.1. Metadata last certified
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3.1. Data description
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OBJECTIVES
The Structural Business Statistics: Construction Sector (EEE_CONS) is an annual structural statistical operation aimed at enterprises engaged in Construction activities (Section F of the CNAE-2009).
This operation enables the identification of the main structural and economic characteristics of enterprises in the sector studied through a wide range of variables relating to employed staff, turnover and other incomes, purchases and consumption, staff and investment expenditure.
As well as enabling the study of the transformations undergone in the sector studied, the other main uses are as follows:
- To satisfy the information requirements of the international organisations, in particular by the Statistical Office of the European Communities (EUROSTAT) and to comply with the requirements of the Regulation 2019/2152 of the European Parliament and of the Council on European business statistics (EBS Regulation) and its Implementing Act 2020/1197, specifically as regards of its tables referring to Structural Business Statistics.
- Provide basic information for the National Accounts.
- Serve as a framework for the updating of short-term indicators.
- Meet the statistical needs of the Autonomous Communities.
- Cater for other national and international users (institutions, enterprises and associations, researchers, universities and, generally, anyone interested in the structural analysis of the economic sectors studied).
BACKGROUND
The annual structural statistics on the Construction sector have been carried out by the Ministry of Transport and Sustainable Mobility from 1980 until the 2023 reference year, through the statistical operation Survey on the Structure of the Construction Industry (EIC).
As of the 2024 reference year, this EIC operation has been transferred to the National Statistics Institute (INE) so that its production process can be approached in an integrated and harmonized manner with the Structural Business Statistics for the Industry, Trade and Services sectors, which are already covered by the INE.
Thus, under this integration approach, from the 2024 reference year onwards, the new operation—now called Structural Business Statistics: Construction Sector (IOE code 30292)—is adapted and harmonized with the SBS of the Industry, Trade and Services sectors, sharing methodological aspects with them, in particular:
- Use of uniform questionnaires for the four sectors under study (although some specific issues unique to the Construction sector have been maintained).
- The same treatment of enterprises entering or leaving the target population during the reference year, as well as the imputation of non-response.
- Methods for estimating employment-related variables using administrative sources.
- The same processes across the four sectors for producing statistical results, both in terms of legal units and statistical enterprises.
- The same dissemination plan, based on statistical enterprises, homogeneous for the four operations, facilitating comparison of statistical results across the different sectors.
CLASSIFICATION VARIABLES
Main economic activity. The economic activity carried out by an enterprise is defined as the creation of added value through the production of goods and services. Enterprises frequently carry out various activities, which should be separated into different classes under the National Classification of Economic Activities. For the purposes of the SBS, enterprises are classified according to their main activity.
Size of the enterprise. The size can be established in terms of the magnitude of the turnover or the production value, or considering the number of persons employed in the enterprise. This operation opts to consider this second option to determine the size of the enterprises establishing some sections of size depending on their employed staff .
Geographical distribution, by Autonomous Community. The enterprises can have establishments or Premises in different geographical locations, and they can also carry out their management and administration in one of these sites or another located in the same or in another community. The SBS Presents a breakdown by Autonomous Community for certain variables (number of local units, turnover, wages and salaries, investment in tangible assets and persons employed) considering the location of these local units.
ANALYSIS VARIABLES
- Variables on statistical units: number of enterprises, number of local units.
- Variables on employed personnel: total employed personnel, paid personnel, hours worked by paid personnel, full-time equivalent paid personnel.
- Variables on income: turnover, breakdown of turnover by geographical destination, sales of products, sales of goods, income from services rendered, work carried out by the enterprise for its assets, other management income, operating subsidies.
- Variables on stock variations: on finished and partly-finished products, raw materials and supplies, goods and services for resale.
- Variables on expenditure (except staff costs): total purchases of goods and services, consumption of goods and services for resale, consumption of raw materials, intermediate products and other supplies, expenditure on external services, taxes linked to production and products other than VAT and special taxes.
- Variables on staff costs: total staff costs, wages and salaries, social charges, other staff costs.
- Variables on investments: investment in tangible assets, investment in intangible assets.
- Economic aggregates: production value, gross value added at factor cost, gross operating surplus.
- Indicators: productivity, average staff expenditure, added value rate, staff expenditure rate, gross operating rate, investment rate, rate of remunerated staff and female participation rate in remunerated staff
NOVEDADES COMO CONSECUENCIA DE LA ENTRADA EN VIGOR DEL NUEVO REGLAMENTO EBS
The year 2021 was the first reference year in which the new Regulation 2019/2152 of the European Parliament and of the Council on European Business Statistics (EBS Regulation) and its Implementation Act 2020/1197 was applied for structural business statistics (SBS). The following outlines two key aspects that, from that reference year onwards, are applicable for the purposes of Structural Business Statistics.
Number of active enterprises: The new EBS Regulation defines the variable 'Number of active enterprises' in a specific way and establishes that it coincides between the statistical domains of SBS and Business Demography. To this end, a set of criteria has been agreed to determine, based on administrative information and some statistical operations, whether the legal unit is to be counted as 'active'. Thus, a 'single number of active companies' (NUE) has been agreed upon, which is applicable to both the Business Demographic Statistics and the SBS, correcting the differences that up to now existed in this magnitude.
Target population: It has been clarified which institutional sectors must be covered in the EEE: only the "market producers units". Those belonging to the following institutional sectors are considered as such: Non-financial corporations (S.11), Financial institutions (S.12), Households as individual entrepreneurs (S.14), that is, companies without legal personality other than that of their owners. Therefore, the following are explicitly left out of coverage: Public administrations (S.13) and non-profit institutions serving households (S.15).
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3.2. Classification system
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- Clasificaciones utilizadas
CNAE-2009
This operation uses the National Classification of Economic Activities 2009 to codify enterprises' activities and to process and release the data. The statistical results can include, depending on the given table, detail to the level of sections, divisions, groups or classes of activity (letter, 2, 3 or 4 digits of the CNAE-2009).
Size of the enterprises
The following size guidelines are based on the number of employed staff (annual average) at the enterprise:
- Fewer than 2 employees
- 2 to 9 employees
- 10 to 19 employees
- 20 to 49 employees
- 50 to 249 employees
- 250 or more employees
Autonomous Communities and Cities
01 Andalucía
02 Aragón
03 Asturias, Principado de
04 Balears, Illes
05 Canarias
06 Cantabria
07 Castilla y León
08 Castilla - La Mancha
09 Cataluña
10 Comunitat Valenciana
11 Extremadura
12 Galicia
- Clasificaciones utilizadas
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3.3. Sector coverage
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Section F of the CNAE-2009 which corresponds to Construction.
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3.4. Statistical concepts and definitions
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3.5. Statistical unit
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The basic statistical unit for these operations is the enterprise, which is understood as “the smallest combination of legal units that is an organizational unit producing goods or services, which benefits from a certain degree of autonomy in decision-making, especially for the allocation of its current resources. An enterprise carries out one or more activities at one or more locations. An enterprise may be a sole legal unit “’ (definition of the Regulation of the European Union 696/93).
Since the 2018 SBS, a new operational concept of ‘Enterprise’ is applied, referred to as Statistical Enterprise, which differs from previous years in that the equivalence between Enterprise and Legal Unit will not always hold true. Under this new approach, an Enterprise can be formed by one or several Legal Units.
The reporting unit , or rather, the unit from which the basic information is obtained is the Legal Unit. Given that it is perfectly defined and located and has accounting and employment data, the answer is facilitated and homogeneous information is obtained. The Legal Units can be legal persons (mercantile enterprises) or physical persons (individual entrepreneurs).
Obtaining the basic information from the Legal Units comes either from direct collection (by filling in questionnaires) or, increasingly, from the use of administrative sources (tax data for economic variables, and data from the Social Security for variables related to employment).
And so:
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Under the Legal Unit approach as a statistical unit, the information is obtained from the Legal Units, and the statistics are prepared under said Legal Units.
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Under the Statistical enterprise approach as a statistical unit, the information is obtained from each of the Legal Units that make up the enterprise, and the statistics are prepared by grouping (and where necessary, consolidating) the variables of all the Legal Units that make up the the enterprise.
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3.6. Statistical population
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The target population is formed of enterprises, corporations and natural persons whose main activity is described in section F of the National Classification of Economic Activities (CNAE-2009):
41 Construction of buildings
411 Development of buildings projects
412 Construction of residential and non-residential buildings
42 Civil engineering
421 Construction of roads and railways, bridges and tunnels
422 Construction of utility projects
429 Construction of other civil engineering projects
43 Specialised construction activities
431 Demolition and site preparation
432 Electrical, plumbing and other construction installation activities
433 Building completion and finishing
439 Other specialised construction activities
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3.7. Reference area
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From a geographical point of view, this statistic covers the entire national territory.
Regarding the publication of results, detailed national results are provided by economic activity, as well as the main results by Autonomous Communities and Cities (5 main variables according to activity groupings).
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3.8. Time coverage
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The data's reference period is, generally, the calendar year. As an exception, Legal Units (which are the reporting units) that operate by seasons or campaigns that comprise two separate years and have their data accounted for in this way, their information refers to the season or campaign that ended in the survey's reference year.
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3.9. Base period
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Results for The Structural Business Statistics: Construction Sector are available from 2024.
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3.1. Data description
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4.1. Unit of measure
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Economic variables: in thousands of euros at current prices.
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Hours worked by remunerated staff in thousands of hours.
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Variables relating to employed staff and number of enterprises: in units.
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Productivity and average personnel costs: in euros.
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Other indicators: percentage.
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4.1. Unit of measure
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5.1. Reference period
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The reference period for the data is generally the calendar year. As an exception, for legal Units (which are the reporting units) that operate by seasons or campaigns that comprise two separate years and have their data recorded in this way, their information refers to the season or campaign that ended in the survey's reference year.
Regarding employed staff, to reduce the statistical burden on respondent Legal Units, the SBS questionnaires exclusively request information about their staff as of 30 September of the reference year. Subsequently, for each legal unit, the aforementioned information is combined with the administrative registers on affiliation to Social Security to obtain the value of the average number of employed staff per year.
Data referred to the period: Anual A: 2024.
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5.1. Reference period
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6.1. Legal acts and other agreements
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The compilation and dissemination of the data are governed by the Statistical Law No. 12/1989 "Public Statistical Function" of May 9, 1989, and Law No. 4/1990 of June 29 on “National Budget of State for the year 1990" amended by Law No. 13/1996 "Fiscal, administrative and social measures" of December 30, 1996, makes compulsory all statistics included in the National Statistics Plan. The National Statistical Plan 2009-2012 was approved by the Royal Decree 1663/2008. It contains the statistics that must be developed in the four year period by the State General Administration's services or any other entity dependent on it. All statistics included in the National Statistics Plan are statistics for state purposes and are obligatory. The National Statistics Plan 2025-2028, approved by Royal Decree 1225/2024, of 3 December, is the Plan currently implemented. This statistical operation has governmental purposes, and it is included in the National Statistics Plan 2025-2028. (Statistics of the State Administration).
The Structural Business Statistics: Construction Sector is included in the category of structural surveys according to REGULATION (EU) 2019/2152 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL on European business statistics and its corresponding Implementation Act 2020/1197.
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6.2. Data sharing
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The exchanges of information needed to elaborate statistics between the INE and the rest of the State statistical offices (Ministerial Departments, independent bodies and administrative bodies depending on the State General Administration), or between these offices and the Autonomic statistical offices, are regulated in the LFEP (Law of the Public Statistic Function). This law also regulates the mechanisms of statistical coordination, and concludes cooperation agreements between the different offices when necessary.
To further reduce the statistical burden on respondent Legal Units, the Tax Agency (AEAT), Regional Tax Authorities of the Basque Country and Navarre and the General Social Security Treasury (TGSS) collaborate in this operation, providing administrative files whose information, combined with SBS data for each legal unit, facilitates the reduction of the sample size and the removal of some of the questionnaires' variables.
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6.1. Legal acts and other agreements
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7.1. Confidentiality - policy
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The Statistical Law No. 12/1989 specifies that the INE cannot publish, or make otherwise available, individual data or statistics that would enable the identification of data for any individual person or entity. Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 on European statistics stipulates the need to establish common principles and guidelines ensuring the confidentiality of data used for the production of European statistics and the access to those confidential data with due account for technical developments and the requirements of users in a democratic society
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7.2. Confidentiality - data treatment
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INE provides information on the protection of confidentiality at all stages of the statistical process: INE questionnaires for the operations in the national statistical plan include a legal clause protecting data under statistical confidentiality. Notices prior to data collection announcing a statistical operation notify respondents that data are subject to statistical confidentiality at all stages. For data processing, INE employees have available the INE data protection handbook, which specifies the steps that should be taken at each stage of processing to ensure reporting units' individual data are protected. The microdata files provided to users are anonymised.
In requests for tailored information the same treatment is also carried out to preserve statistical secrecy.
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7.1. Confidentiality - policy
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8.1. Release calendar
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The advance release calendar that shows the precise release dates for the coming year is disseminated in the last quarter of each year.
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8.2. Release calendar access
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The calendar is disseminated on the INEs Internet website (Publications Calendar)
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8.3. User access
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The data are released simultaneously according to the advance release calendar to all interested parties by issuing the press release. At the same time, the data are posted on the INE's Internet website (www.ine.es/en) almost immediately after the press release is issued. Also some predefined tailor-made requests are sent to registered users. Some users could receive partial information under embargo as it is publicly described in the European Statistics Code of Practice
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8.1. Release calendar
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9.1. Frequency of dissemination
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This statistic is released annually.
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9.1. Frequency of dissemination
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10.1. News release
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The results of the statistical operations are normally disseminated by using press releases that can be accessed via both the corresponding menu and the Press Releases Section in the web
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10.2. Publications
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The results of the survey are published on the INE website:
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10.3. On-line database
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INEbase is the system the INE uses to store statistical information on the Internet. It contains all the information the INE produces in electronic formats. The primary organisation of the information follows the theme-based classification of the Inventory of Statistical Operations of the State General Administration . The basic unit of INEbase is the statistical operation, defined as the set of activities that lead to obtaining statistical results on a determined sector or subject based on the individually collected data. Also included in the scope of this definition are synthesis preparation.
In INEBase, in the Industry, energy and construction section, within Industry and energy, select Structural Business Statistics: Construction Sector. The Results can be explored in the menu on the left.
Access the tables and time series in INEbase at the following link:
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10.4. Micro-data access
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A lot of statistical operations disseminate public domain anonymized files, available free of charge for downloading in the INE website Microdata Section
No microdata file is provided for this statistical operation. Microdata files are only provided to other statistical bodies (Statistical Institutes of Autonomous Communities) that also have an obligation to maintain statistical secrecy.
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10.5. Other
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The data that are released annually aim to offer basic, and relevant, information on the main results of the statistical operation, which enables different users' requirements for information to be met.
Results are provided both at a national level, for the different disaggregations by activity, and at the level of autonomous communities according to the location of the Premises.
It is helpful to note that the year-to-year variations obtained from the results of this survey may be due, on some occasions (to a greater or lesser degree), to changes in the structure of the corresponding reference populations (for example, changes in activity in certain enterprises that consequently mean that they are classified in a different activity sector to the Previous year, etc.), so, not necessarily in all cases, the changes mentioned can be directly associated with a change (increase or decrease), of the same magnitude, in the productive activity of the set of enterprises of a certain sector or sub-population.
Finally, it must be highlighted that the release of this statistic is not exclusively limited to the tables offered here or covered in the publication. Safeguarding the restrictions derived from statistical secrecy or from the fact that the survey is sample-based, the existing computing procedures allow for tailored requests for aggregated data to be dealt with, which may be provided in the medium or format chosen by the user.
The request is made through the Information Area:
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10.6. Documentation on methodology
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A detailed description can be found at:
Metadata completeness rate. AC3=100%
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10.7. Quality documentation
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Based on European business statistics, the European Commission (Eurostat) evaluates the quality of the data transmitted and publishes reports on the quality of the European statistics. To this end, each country provides information on the variation coefficients for the characteristics collected therein and with the level of disaggregation requested, as well as non-response data. The quality report contains both quantitative and qualitative information. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/metadata/en/sbs_essbs21_es.htm
This standardised methodological report contains, in sections 10.6 to 17, the elements of what constitutes the "User-oriented quality report" for this operation.
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10.1. News release
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11.1. Quality assurance
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Quality assurance framework for the INE statistics is based on the ESSCoP, the European Statistics Code of Practice made by EUROSTAT. The ESSCoP is made up of 16 principles, gathered in three areas: Institutional Environment, Processes and Products. Each principle is associated with some indicators which make possible to measure it. In order to evaluate quality, EUROSTAT provides different tools: the indicators mentioned above, Self-assessment based on the DESAP model, peer review, user satisfaction surveys and other proceedings for evaluation.
The process of preparing the statistic has established controls to detect and correct errors with the aim of guaranteeing the statistic's quality.
The collection of data in Collection Units has programmed for serious and second-tier errors, so data can be filtered as they are entered by the user. Throughout the collection and filtering of data, measures are adopted to reduce non-response.
Finally, once the data arrives at the Central Services, the data are subjected to additional micro- and macro-filtration controls, as well as comparison against other short-term Industrial Sector surveys and with information from administrative sources, which enable a final product of sufficient quality to be guaranteed.
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11.2. Quality assessment
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Commission Regulation 275/2010 establishes the elements for the evaluation of the data series sent to Eurostat by the different member states for the structural business statistics based on the quality criteria listed in article 12, paragraph 1 , of Regulation (EC) No. 223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council, namely: relevance, precision, timeliness, punctuality, accessibility, clarity, comparability and coherence.
The statistic can be considered to be of high quality since a sufficiently representative sample is obtained from the target population on a national level and on the autonomous community level for each stratum of activity and enterprise size. Furthermore, the data are subjected to adjustment criteria and year-to-year checks, as well as comparisons with administrative sources and other statistical operations
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11.1. Quality assurance
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12.1. User needs
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Users of the statistic include:
- Various INE statistical operations, such as the National Accounts, Inward FATS, Short-Term Surveys, etc.
- Ministries and other public agencies.
- Territorial administrations (Autonomous Communities, City Councils...).
- Enterprises and institutions.
- Researchers and universities.
- Individuals and, generally, anyone interested in the structural analysis of the construction sector.
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12.2. User satisfaction
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The INE has carried out general user satisfaction surveys in 2007, 2010, 2013, 2016 and 2019 and it plans to continue doing so every three years. The purpose of these surveys is to find out what users think about the quality of the information of the INE statistics and the extent to which their needs of information are covered. In addition, additional surveys are carried out in order to acknowledge better other fields such as dissemination of the information, quality of some publications...
On the INE website, in its section Methods and Projects / Quality and Code of Practice / INE quality management / User surveys are available surveys conducted to date.(Click next link)
On the INE website, in its quality section, there are the different "User Satisfaction Surveys" where the group (Industry, energy, construction and housing) in which this statistical operation is located is valued, which can guide the opinion of users about it.
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12.3. Completeness
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The statistic complies with the information requirements according to REGULATION (EU) 2019/2152 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL on European business statistics.
It appears in the 2021-2024 National Statistics Plan in the section of structural information for the construction and housing sector and in the EU Statistics Programme: Annual Enterprise Statistics.
Rate of completeness of the data R1=100%
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12.1. User needs
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13.1. Overall accuracy
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The sample design intends to reduce sampling errors and the different survey processes are aimed at eliminating or reducing its errors as much as possible, both in the collection stage (rate of response and filtering control) and in the later stages of editing and imputation.
The collection process, coverage control, filtering of errors and imputation of a non-response allows a high level of reliability to be obtained for this statistic.
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13.2. Sampling error
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Sampling errors of the main variables at different levels of disaggregation are calculated.
The tables published include information detailed by activities on the sampling errors of the main variables.
https://www.ine.es/dynt3/inebase/index.htm?padre=13619&capsel=13620
Sampling errors for Turnover variable:A1=1.06%.
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13.3. Non-sampling error
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A control of non-sampling errors is carried out throughout the statistical process. Specific information on the non-response rate is also available.
Over-coverage rate: A2=5.9%
Non-response rate by unit:: A4=35.7%
By size according to number of employees: Up to 9 : 41.8% From 10 to 49: : 28.1% 50 or more :13.4%.
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13.1. Overall accuracy
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14.1. Timeliness
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Implementation act 2020/1197 of REGULATION (EU) 2019/2152 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL on European business statistics requires the availability of results within 18 months of the end of the reference period.
This objective is met by publishing the Final results of the statistics before the end of this deadline.
Opportunity of final results TP2: t+17 month+3 days.
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14.2. Punctuality
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Data is published according to the structural statistics availability calendar that the INE prepares and publishes for each year.
Punctuality- delivery and publication: TP3=100%.
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14.1. Timeliness
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15.1. Comparability - geographical
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The availability of a common methodology, design and process for collection, filtering, editing and updating throughout the geographical area guarantees the comparability of the results between the different Autonomous Communities.
On the other hand, the methodological adaptation to the SBS regulation makes it possible to compare it with the rest of the European Union countries that publish the same information for their respective sectors.
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15.2. Comparability - over time
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Results for 2024 are the first to be published under the Structural Business Statistics: Construction Sector.
These statistical results are not strictly comparable with those of the predecessor operation, the Survey on the Structure of the Construction Industry (EIC) carried out by the Ministry of Transport and Sustainable Mobility. Among other reasons, the EIC was published up to 2023 based on the Legal Units approach, whereas the EEE_CONS is published according to the Statistical Enterprise approach.
Length of the comparable time series under the Statistical enterprises approach: CC2=1.
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15.3. Coherence - cross domain
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The use of a single national classification of economic activities allows for the possibility to compare information from the survey with other economic statistics such as, for example, short-term Industrial Sector statistics and the Central Business Register (Directorio Central de Empresas DIRCE).
It is comparable on an international level, it covers the necessary information required by the various users of the statistic and it is a useful instrument for the National Accounts.
Furthermore, it serves as a framework for the updating of short-term indicators and for studying the transformations undergone in the sector.
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15.4. Coherence - internal
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Coherence is a fundamental matter both in the planning of the survey's methodology and throughout its Preparation. The coherence between variables is compared at all stages of the statistical process.
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15.1. Comparability - geographical
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16.1. Cost and burden
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INE, aware of the statistical burden borne by Legal Units, attempts to apply certain measures in its surveys to reduce this burden as far as possible and, in any case, to facilitate the completion of the information required from the respondents.
Below are some of the measures adopted in this operation to reduce the statistical burden:
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Cooperation arrangements are established to take full advantage of the information available and to avoid unnecessary duplicate statistical operations. The sample size and breadth of the questionnaires are reduced to the bare minimum.
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In the sample selection process, negative coordination methods are applied, i.e. minimum possible overlap (covering the survey objectives) between samples of surveys that coexist in the same period of time.
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The SBS questionnaires, across all sectors, have been designed under the principle of reducing certain variables, such as those related to employment, which are instead estimated using administrative data from Social Security, as well as information from the Quarterly Labour Cost Survey.
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Use of different questionnaire models with different levels of simplification depending on the characteristics of each Legal Unit. Thus, small Legal Units usually fill out a questionnaire with fewer variables and breakdowns. All questionnaire models attempt to reduce the breadth of the questionnaires to the bare minimum.
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Internet completion is encouraged by electronic questionnaires with questions, flows and validations adapted to the respondent Legal Unit, which facilitates completion and improves the quality of data collected. Online questionnaire designs are designed in such a way that repeated contact with respondents can be avoided or at least reduced.
The estimate of the budgetary appropriation necessary to finance this statistic foreseen in the 2026 Annual Programme is 619.98 thousand euros.
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16.1. Cost and burden
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17.1. Data revision - policy
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The INE of Spain has a policy which regulates the basic aspects of statistical data revision, seeking to ensure process transparency and product quality. This policy is laid out in the document approved by the INE board of directors on 13 March of 2015, which is available on the INE website, in the section "Methods and projects/Quality and Code of Practice/INE’s Quality management/INE’s Revision policy" (link).
This general policy sets the criteria that the different type of revisions should follow: routine revision- it is the case of statistics whose production process includes regular revisions-; more extensive revision- when methodological or basic reference source changes take place-; and exceptional revision- for instance, when an error appears in a published statistic-.
There is no review of the data, only the Final results are published.
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17.2. Data revision - practice
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Once the Definitive Results are published, they are no longer subject to review.
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17.1. Data revision - policy
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18.1. Source data
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SAMPLING FRAMEWORK
The sampling frame is obtained from the Central Directory of enterprises (DIRCE), which is updated once a year with administrative sources, mainly tax and Social Security, and with information from the statistical operations of the INE.
The DIRCE is an integrated information system at various levels where it stands out, from lowest to highest: establishment, Legal Unit, Statistical enterprise and business group. For each of these levels, DIRCE contains information on the main economic activity, the number of employees and the turnover, variables that are used in the sample design, and on identification and location data, necessary for a correct collection of the data information.
Since the reference year 2018, the DIRCE includes the new level of the Statistical enterprise, which is equal to the Legal Unit in the case of independent Legal Units or a set of Legal Units of a business group, or the entire business group (depending on it is determined by the Profiling methodology) for the Legal Units that are part of a business group.
SAMPLE DESIGN AND STRATIFICATION
The sample design is based on stratified sampling, where units in the sampling frame are stratified according to the following variables:
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Main activity, according to the National Classification of Economic Activities (CNAE-2009).
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Size class of the Legal Unit, based on the number of employees.
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Size class of the Legal Unit, based on turnover.
Within each group, called a stratum, formed by the combination of the three variables above, a random sample is selected.
The largest Legal Units (those with more than 50 employees), as well as those with high turnover, are surveyed exhaustively (i.e. included in the sample with probability 1). Legal Units with employees that belong to the population of affiliates of foreign companies in Spain are also fully included in the sample.
Details on sample design, determination of exhaustive units, stratification, sample selection, estimators and calculation of sampling errors can be consulted in the document " Structural Business Statistics. Methodology" available on the INE website together with the statistical results of the operation
https://www.ine.es/dynt3/inebase/index.htm?padre=13619&capsel=13620
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18.2. Frequency of data collection
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The basic information is obtained annually from each Legal Unit, and comes from two sources:
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The questionnaires sent to the Legal Units of the selected sample.
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The administrative information, of tax origin for the economic variables and Social Security for the employment variables, available for all the Legal Units of each of the Statistical enterprises in the sample.
For each reference year t, the collection of questionnaires and the collection of other information from administrative sources is organized as follows:
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Direct collection through questionnaires addressed to the sample Legal Units (collected in the field, under the IRIA system). Formed by a main sample. It takes place from April to September of year t+1.
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Request and obtain the Social Security Affiliate File for the loading of Employment variables at the microdata level. (first quarter of year t + 1)
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Request and obtain files from the AEAT and other tax administrations. (second and third quarter of year t + 1).
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18.3. Data collection
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Collection method: completion of the online questionnaire by the informant (IRIA system) and use of administrative sources.
The information collected in the questionnaires undergoes the corresponding filtering process at the Collection Units, which also provide telephone support to answer questions from respondents. Errors and anomalous data are reviewed, and, if necessary, new contact is established with respondents.
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18.4. Data validation
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Validation of data from the Legal Sampling Units
During the questionnaire collection phase, a first filtering and coding process is carried out. Both the electronic questionnaires that the respondents fill out on the Internet, as well the application for the management, recording and filtering of the collection used by the INE collection units, have systems programmed for the detection of errors to validate the data as they are entered by the user. It distinguishes between serious type errors (which must be necessarily corrected) and anomalies of a second level (which, after confirmation, must be justified). In addition, during data collection and filtering, measures are also taken to reduce non-response.
The records made by Collection Units form and supply, at least fortnightly, the complete record files on which the subsequent phases of the joint information processing are carried out. These files are processed in the Central Services where information coverage is controlled to guarantee completeness of the recorded data, detect duplicates and coverage errors and at the same time carry out an initial assessment of the quality of the variables collected.
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18.5. Data compilation
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A distinction is made between the treatment used for the Legal Units and the additional treatment for the Statistical enterprises.
A. Compilation of information from the Legal Sampling Units
As the collection progresses and the complete recording files are formed, the data is subjected to additional micro-filtration controls at Central Services focused, selectively, on the detection and filtering of errors and inconsistencies in the variables of each record, as well as the filtering and imputation of content errors. Depending on the characteristics of each type of error, automatic imputation procedures are used in certain cases. Likewise, systematic errors detected in Previously studies and analyses on recorded data are corrected.
The non-response (Legal Units considered to be active for which it was not possible to get a duly completed questionnaire) is subject to automatic imputation, which allows it to be borne in mind as an effective sample. The minimum aim of these imputations was that both the turnover and the number of employees correspond to the Legal Units's own value and during the year in question. The rest of the variables are imputed, using highly correlated administrative information, conditional on the two variables, which guarantees the global coherence of the imputed records.
With regards to the employment variables, their estimation has been improved for each legal unit by combining the information collected in the questionnaires with data from administrative sources. More details can be found in the document "Structural Business Statistics. Industrial Sector, Construction Sector, Trade Sector, Services Sector Methodology" available on the INE website next to the statistical results.
For the effective sample (which includes the non-response, as explained above), the elevation factors para Legal Units are calculated to determine the estimates of the different variables. The last stage, before the tabulation and release of the results, is obtaining analysis tables through macro-filtration techniques to eliminate the errors and inconsistencies detected. The data are also subjected to comparisons with other statistics (eg, other short-term INE surveys on the sectors studied) and with information from administrative sources, in order to guarantee a final product of sufficient quality.
B. Compilation of information from Statistical enterprises
For the elaboration of the EEE under the 'Statistical enterprise' approach, a method has been developed that is based on the following steps, each of which is described in more detail in the EEE Methodology document available on the INE website together to the statistical results of the operation.
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Delineation of the Statistical enterprises that operate in business groups through the so-called Profiling methodology and classification of the Legal Units that compose them (see details in section 2.3 of the EEE Methodology)
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Adequacy of the sample design and the information collection phase (see details in sections 4 and 6 of the EEE Methodology ).
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Aggregation of the Legal Units that make up each Sample Statistical enterprise and study of the combinations of typologies of said Legal Units (see details in section 7.3.1 of the EEE Methodology ).
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Consolidation for sample Statistical enterprises formed by more than one Legal Unit and containing relationships between them. For these enterprises, the flows between their Legal Units are identified to proceed with the cancellation of intra-enterprise transactions (see details in section 7.3.2 of the EEE Methodology ).
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Construction of the complete statistics, based on Statistical enterprises, whether they are independent Legal Units or enterprises of business groups (see details in section 7.3.3 of the EEE Methodology ).
The essential idea is that if the Legal Units of a Statistical enterprise serve, exclusively or mainly, other Legal Units of the same enterprise (for example, because they sell products under a vertical integration of the production process or provide services as an auxiliary relationship) , said servile Legal Units must be combined with the others to which they support to form the authentic statistical unit "enterprise", therefore having to combine and consolidate the corresponding variables.
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18.6. Adjustment
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Not applicable as seasonal adjustment is not necessary.
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18.1. Source data
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19.1. Comment
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European data come from the Eurostat website, where further information can be found under the topic Industry, Construction, Trade and Services.
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19.1. Comment