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Hotel Price Index

• 1Contact
  • 1.1Contact organisation
    National Statistics Institute of Spain
    
  • 1.5Contact mail address

    Avenida de Manoteras 50-52 - 28050 Madrid

    
    
• 2Metadata update
  • 2.1Metadata last certified
    29/01/2024
  • 2.2Metadata last posted
    24/01/2024
  • 2.3Metadata last update
    29/01/2024
• 3Statistical presentation
  • 3.1Data description

    The Hotel Price Index (HPI) is a statistical measurement of the evolution of the set of prices applied by businesspersons to the different clients that stay at hotels in Spain. Therefore, it measures the evolution of the sector prices from the supply perspective.

    As of January 2009, the indices published are calculated in base 2008, with the linked series being available as of January 2001. The base change is due to improvements introduced in the Hotel Occupancy Survey questionnaire, in the section dedicated to prices.

  • 3.2Classification system
    • Categorías hoteleras
      H1   Cinco estrellas de oro
      H2   Cuatro estrellas de oro
      H3   Tres estrellas de oro
      H4   Dos estrellas de oro
      H5   Una estrella de oro
      H6   Tres y dos estrellas de plata
      H7   Una estrella de plata
        .
    • Comunidades y Ciudades Autónomas
      01   Andalucía
      02   Aragón
      03   Asturias, Principado de
      04   Balears, Illes
      05   Canarias
      06   Cantabria
      07   Castilla y León
      08   Castilla - La Mancha
      09   Cataluña
      10   Comunitat Valenciana
      11   Extremadura
      12   Galicia
      13   Madrid, Comunidad de
      14   Murcia, Región de
      15   Navarra, Comunidad Foral de
      16   País Vasco
      17   Rioja, La
      18   Ceuta
      19   Melilla
  • 3.3Sector coverage

    Tourism

  • 3.4Statistical concepts and definitions
    • ADR (Average Daily Rate)
      This is defined as the average daily income obtained per occupied room, taking into account the type of client to which it has been applied:
      · Traditional tour operators
      ·Traditional travel agencies (including hotel vouchers and cheques)
      · Companies
      · Individuals
      · Groups
      ·Direct hiring on the hotel website and/or the hotel chain website
      · Online tour operators
      · Online travel agencies
      · Other
      income refers to that received by hoteliers for the provision of the accommodation service, not including other types of services that they establishment may offer, such as catering services, minibar, spa, gymnasium, organisation of meetings or events.
      RevPAR = ADR * Occupancy rate by bedroom
    • Online travel agency
      With the advent of general Internet access, intermediary agencies have arisen, whether wholesale tour operators or retail travel agencies, that operate exclusively via the Internet, and which are the so-called online travel agencies.
    • Traditional travel agency
      Retail agency that sells package holidays prepared by the tour operators, in exchange for a commission, or that acts as an intermediary between its clients and certain travel suppliers: airlines, car rental companies, cruise lines, railway companies, etc., and also hotels.
      
      A traditional Travel Agency is considered to be that which does not solely use the Internet to carry out its intermediation tasks between the hotel and the guests that will ultimately stay there, but it might use the Internet to perform the necessary paperwork in its intermediation tasks, even with the hotel establishment.
    • Categoría de alojamiento turístico
      Divisiones establecidas al clasificar los alojamientos turísticos en función de las instalaciones, equipamientos y servicios que proporcionan.
    • Companies with a special rate
      Companies or public administration with which the hotel has some sort of contract, or to which some special rate has been applied.
    • Group with a special rate
      Group of persons accommodated at the same time, due to some specific event, and to which some special rate has been applied.
    • Individuals who hire accommodation services
      Guests that turn directly to a hotel in order to hire accommodation services, without any sort of intermediation.
    • Prices of hotel establishments
      These are defined as the prices applied to different types of client, for a double room with a bathroom, without any type of tax. These prices are broken down, according to the type of client to which they have been applied:
      
      - Traditional tour operator - Traditional travel agency (including vouchers and cheques) - Businesses - Individuals - Groups - Direct hiring on the hotel website and/or the hotel chain website - Online tour operator - Online travel agency - Other
    • RevPAR (Revenue per Available Room)
      RevPAR entails average income per available room, distinguishing, as with the ADR, by the type of customer.
      income refers to that received by hoteliers for the provision of the accommodation service, not including other types of services that they establishment may offer, such as catering services, minibar, spa, gymnasium, organisation of meetings or events
      RevPAR = ADR * Occupancy rate by bedroom
    • Weekend rate
      This is the price applied on Friday or Saturday, for a single day, according to the use modality.
    • Normal rate
      This is the price applied from Sunday to Thursday, according to the use modality.
    • Traditional tour operator
      An intermediary wholesale agency working between tourist establishments and retail agencies is considered to be a traditional tour operator. Tour operators prepare programmes and package holidays, and offer them to the retail agencies that sell them to the client, earning a commission for this.
      A traditional tour operator is considered to be that which does not exclusively use the Internet to commercialise its products, but it might use the Internet in order to commercialise part, or to perform the paperwork necessary in its intermediation tasks, and even with the hotel establishment.
  • 3.5Statistical unit

    The analysis units are all hotel establishments registered as such in the corresponding register of the Tourist Boards of each Autonomous Community.

  • 3.6Statistical population

    Research is carried out on every hotel establishment in the national territory.

  • 3.7Reference area

    The geographical scope includes the entire national territory.

    The information is presented on different levels of geographical breakdown: national, Autonomous Community, provincial, tourist areas (group of municipalities) and tourist sites (municipalities)

  • 3.8Time coverage

    From the year 2001 onward.

  • 3.9Base period

    As of January 2009, the indices published are calculated in base 2008, with the linked series being available as of January 2001. The base change is due to improvements introduced in the Hotel Occupancy Survey questionnaire, in the section dedicated to prices.

• 4Unit of measure
  • 4.1Unit of measure

    Index, Rates, Percentage

• 5Reference period
  • 5.1Reference period

    Month

    Data referred to the period: Mensual A: 2023 MES: 12

• 6Institutional mandate
  • 6.1Legal acts and other agreements

    The compilation and dissemination of the data are governed by the Statistical Law No. 12/1989 "Public Statistical Function" of May 9, 1989, and Law No. 4/1990 of June 29 on “National Budget of State for the year 1990" amended by Law No. 13/1996 "Fiscal, administrative and social measures" of December 30, 1996, makes compulsory all statistics included in the National Statistics Plan. The National Statistical Plan 2009-2012 was approved by the Royal Decree 1663/2008. It contains the statistics that must be developed in the four year period by the State General Administration's services or any other entity dependent on it. All statistics included in the National Statistics Plan are statistics for state purposes and are obligatory. The National Statistics Plan 2021-2024, approved by Royal Decree 1110/2020, of 15  December, is the Plan currently implemented. This statistical operation has governmental purposes, and it is included in the National Statistics Plan 2021-2024. (Statistics of the State Administration).

    
    

    This statistical operation is not subject to any European regulations

  • 6.2Data sharing
    The exchanges of information needed to elaborate statistics between the INE and the rest of the State statistical offices (Ministerial Departments, independent bodies and administrative bodies depending on the State General Administration), or between these offices and the Autonomic statistical offices, are regulated in the LFEP (Law of the Public Statistic Function). This law also regulates the mechanisms of statistical coordination, and concludes cooperation agreements between the different offices when necessary.
    
• 7Confidentiality
  • 7.1Confidentiality - policy

    The Statistical Law No. 12/1989 specifies that the INE cannot publish, or make otherwise available, individual data or statistics that would enable the identification of data for any individual person or entity. Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 on European statistics stipulates the need to establish common principles and guidelines ensuring the confidentiality of data used for the production of European statistics and the access to those confidential data with due account for technical developments and the requirements of users in a democratic society

    
    
  • 7.2Confidentiality - data treatment
    INE provides information on the protection of confidentiality at all stages of the statistical process: INE questionnaires for the operations in the national statistical plan include a legal clause protecting data under statistical confidentiality. Notices prior to data collection announcing a statistical operation notify respondents that data are subject to statistical confidentiality at all stages. For data processing, INE employees have available the INE data protection handbook, which specifies the steps that should be taken at each stage of processing to ensure reporting units' individual data are protected. The microdata files provided to users are anonymised.
    

    For establishment categories, those that do not comply with statistical secrecy are aggregated with the lowest or highest categories.

• 8Release policy
  • 8.1Release calendar

    The advance release calendar that shows the precise release dates for the coming year is disseminated in the last quarter of each year.

    
    
  • 8.2Release calendar access

    The calendar is disseminated on the INEs Internet website (Publications Calendar)

    
    
  • 8.3User access

    The data are released simultaneously according to the advance release calendar to all interested parties by issuing the press release. At the same time, the data are posted on the INE's Internet website (www.ine.es/en) almost immediately after the press release is issued. Also some predefined tailor-made requests are sent to registered users. Some users could receive partial information under embargo as it is publicly described in the European Statistics Code of Practice

    
    
• 9Frequency of dissemination
  • 9.1Frequency of dissemination

    Monthly

• 10Accessibility and clarity
  • 10.1News release

    The results of the statistical operations are normally disseminated by using press releases that can be accessed via both the corresponding menu and the Press Releases Section in the web

    
    
  • 10.2Publications

    The results of the survey are disseminated via the INE website, and some results are included in publications such as the Statistical Yearbook, INE Figures, etc. A press release is prepared monthly, containing the following operations: Hotel Occupancy Survey (HOS), Hotel Price Index (HPI) and Indicators on the Profitability of the Hotel Sector (IPHS).

  • 10.3On-line database

    INEbase is the system the INE uses to store statistical information on the Internet. It contains all the information the INE produces in electronic formats. The primary organisation of the information follows the theme-based classification of the Inventory of Statistical Operations of the State General Administration . The basic unit of INEbase is the statistical operation, defined as the set of activities that lead to obtaining statistical results on a determined sector or subject based on the individually collected data. Also included in the scope of this definition are synthesis preparation.

    
    

    The specific link for the Hotel Price Index in INEbase may be viewed at: https://www.ine.es/dynt3/inebase/en/index.htm?padre=2270&dh=1 The indicator used is AC1=number of hits on the online database. AC1= 7,578 in 2023 (til 31-10-2023)

  • 10.4Micro-data access
    A lot of statistical operations disseminate public domain anonymized files, available free of charge for downloading in the INE website Microdata Section
    

    Microdata sets are not disseminated.

  • 10.5Other

    Tailor-made requests are also received, which on occasion become continuous or are extended. The policy for tending to tailor-made requests consists of analysing whether the conditions of statistical secrecy and significance are met. After this analysis, a viability report is prepared and sent to the petitioner.

  • 10.6Documentation on methodology

    The methodology contains information regarding the questionnaires, estimators, definitions, sample. The document may be viewed at the following link: https://www.ine.es/en/daco/daco42/prechote/metoiphp1_en.htm

  • 10.7Quality documentation

    Fields 10.6 to 17 of this document may be considered the quality report intended for users for this operation.

• 11Quality management
  • 11.1Quality assurance

    Quality assurance framework for the INE statistics is based on the ESSCoP, the European Statistics Code of Practice made by EUROSTAT. The ESSCoP is made up of 16 principles, gathered in three areas: Institutional Environment, Processes and Products. Each principle is associated with some indicators which make possible to measure it. In order to evaluate quality, EUROSTAT provides different tools: the indicators mentioned above, Self-assessment based on the DESAP model, peer review, user satisfaction surveys and other proceedings for evaluation.

    
    

    The Hotel Occupancy Survey, which serves as the basis for the HPI, periodically performs activities for the revision of the statistical process, in order to meet the quality conditions required on both the national and international levels. The main activities are the revision of both the data collected, such as the survey directory, and a microfiltering upon receipt of the data, followed by a macrofiltering. Improvement in the data collection systems (XML).

  • 11.2Quality assessment

    As shown in the next sections, where the quality indicators are explained in detail, the HPI presents very high quality, and the data from the operation is made available within a 23-day period. Total non-response is usually approximately 9% for provisional data, and 3,5% for final data, and variation coefficients also have levels lower than 0,02. Periodical updates of the directory and improvements in the data collection system are carried out, as is the introduction of the collection via XML files.

• 12Relevance
  • 12.1User needs

    Users are quite varied: tourism boards/consortiums, individuals, establishments, consultancy companies, Autonomous Community governments, municipal councils, universities, associations of accommodation businesspersons. The data received is used for analyses, studies, reports and policy design. User needs that are not met are those that do not comply with the conditions of statistical secrecy and statistical significance. In addition to the information available on the website, users also request data for time periods other than those published, and for customised zones.

  • 12.2User satisfaction

    The INE has carried out general user satisfaction surveys in 2007, 2010, 2013,  2016 and 2019 and it plans to continue doing so every three years. The purpose of these surveys is to find out what users think about the quality of the information of the INE statistics and the extent to which their needs of information are covered. In addition, additional surveys are carried out in order to acknowledge better other fields such as dissemination of the information, quality of some publications...

    On the INE website, in its section Methods and Projects / Quality and Code of Practice / INE quality management / User surveys are available surveys conducted to date.(Click  next link)

     

    
    
  • 12.3Completeness

    The information collected enables answering most of the requests received. Those that are not answered provide information that is studied for possible future modifications. 100% of the information requested by the National Statistical Plan is supplied. R1=100%

• 13Accuracy and reliability
  • 13.1Overall accuracy

    The estimators used are unbiased, and therefore, the bias is null. With regard to non-sampling errors, we try to minimise both coverage errors and total non-response errors. More information may be viewed in the survey methodology, which is available at the following link: https://www.ine.es/en/daco/daco42/prechote/metoiphp1_en.htm

  • 13.2Sampling error

    In order to measure the precision of this statistical operation, coefficients of variation are available for the HPI.
    An approximate calculation of the sampling error can be obtained using the Jackknife technique.
    Analyzing the sampling errors of this survey, it should be taken into account that most of the sample is exhaustive and therefore, the sampling error is zero.
    The values of the coefficients of variation are available in the following link:

    https://www.ine.es/jaxiT3/Tabla.htm?t=13874&L=1

    A1=0.026 (November 2023)

  • 13.3Non-sampling error

    The estimators used are unbiased, and therefore, the bias is null. Among the non-sampling errors, coverage errors are minimised by carrying out periodical crosses between the Autonomous Community directories and the HOS directory, the basis of the HPI, for the purpose of finding possible duplicities, establishments that are missing or those that are no longer active. Total non-response is minimised between the provisional data and the final data, due to the re-contact with the units that did not answer, and in addition, an imputation of data is performed for these cases. Among the non-sampling errors, there is information available regarding non-response, with the non-response rate in 2020, definitive data, being A4 = 3.8.

• 14Timeliness and punctuality
  • 14.1Timeliness

    The time that elapses from the reference date of the data to the publication of the provisional figures is 23 days, whereas for the final data, it is one year and one month. That is, in April 2023 the provisional data for March 2023 is published, as well as the final data for March 2022, and so on and so forth.

    TP1=23 days TP2=13 months

  • 14.2Punctuality

    Each publication has been disseminated on the date announced in the publication calendar. The calendar may be viewed at the following link: https://www.ine.es/en/daco/daco41/calen_en.htm

• 15Coherence and Comparability
  • 15.1Comparability - geographical

    The availability of a methodology, a design and a common process for collection, filtering, publication and elevation for the entire geographical scope, guarantees the comparability of the results among the different Autonomous Communities, provinces and categories. This index does not follow any European Regulations, and therefore, information is not available regarding international comparability.

  • 15.2Comparability - over time

    The HPI was first published in 2001. As of January 2009, the indices published are calculated in base 2008, with the linked series being available as of January 2001. The base change is due to improvements introduced in the Hotel Occupancy Survey questionnaire, in the section dedicated to prices. In January 2024, the series has 264 elements. CC2=264

  • 15.3Coherence - cross domain

    Though the variables gathered in this survey are not collected in any other survey, a coherence is observed between the values obtained and the evolution of the economy.

  • 15.4Coherence - internal

    The data bears complete coherence among microdata, and is calculated using the same estimation methods for the different breakdowns. The arithmetic and accounting identities are observed in the production of the data sets.
    

• 16Cost and burden
  • 16.1Cost and burden

    The estimation of the budgetary credit necessary to finance this operation , as foreseen in the 2024 Annual Program, comes to a total of 94,49 thousand Euros in the INE budget

    This estimation concerns tor the Price Indexes in Tourist Accommodations (cod. 8359 in PEN) that is formed by four statistical operation, being Hotel Price Index one of them

    There is a means of collection, using XML files, for the purpose of reducing the response burden, as the information is collected directly from the management systems of the establishments, with it not being necessary for respondents to fill out the questionnaire.

• 17Data revision
  • 17.1Data revision - policy

    The INE of Spain has a policy which regulates the basic aspects of statistical data revision, seeking to ensure process transparency and product quality. This policy is laid out in the document approved by the INE board of directors on 13 March of 2015, which is available on the INE website, in the section "Methods and projects/Quality and Code of Practice/INE’s Quality management/INE’s Revision policy" (link).

    This general policy sets the criteria that the different type of revisions should follow:  routine revision- it is the case of statistics whose production process includes regular revisions-; more extensive revision- when methodological or basic reference source changes take place-; and exceptional revision- for instance, when an error appears in a published statistic-.

    
    

    The revision policy is as follows: once the results are published on t+23, more questionnaires from the reference month are received, and therefore, the final version of the results presents greater coverage (increasing from a response rate of 93% in the provisional results to a rate of 97,5% in the final results). The final data is published the following year, that is, for example, in April 2020, the provisional data for March 2020 and the final data for March 2019 are published. (TP1=23 days TP2= 13 months)

  • 17.2Data revision - practice

    Each month, the provisional data for the previous month is published, as well as the final data for the previous month the previous year. The quality indicators used are MAR, absolute average revision, and RMAR, relative average revision, which is obtained for the main variables, travellers and overnight stays.

    The average annual definitive values in 2017-2018-2019-2020-2021 are:

    A6 MAR = 0.2570;

    A6 RMAR = 0.1202;

• 18Statistical processing
  • 18.1Source data

    The INE compiles a national directory of hotel establishments establishments, using the registers sent by the Tourism Councils of the Autonomous Communities. This directory contains the following information for each establishment: name, address, category, opening season and number of rooms.
    A stratified sampling is used, by province and category.
    

  • 18.2Frequency of data collection

    Monthly

  • 18.3Data collection

    The information for the preparation of the HPI is obtained from the Hotel Occupancy Survey.

  • 18.4Data validation

    The procedure for supervising the data validation consists of applying a series of validations to the questionnaires. In the event that any inconsistency is detected, the INE contacts the establishment again. When all of the data has been collected, it is revised again in a centralised fashion. In the files received by XML, the validation is performed at the time that the data is sent to the INE; if the data is not verified by the validations, it is not uploaded into the database. Lastly, a macrofiltering is performed.

  • 18.5Data compilation

    Firstly, there is a decentralised microfiltering process to detect and filter errors and inconsistencies in the questionnaires. Next, on a central level, the data is linked to that of the XML files, and the estimators are obtained. Subsequently, a macrofiltering is performed, prior to the tabulation and dissemination of the results.

  • 18.6Adjustment

    No adjustments are applied.

• 19Comment
  • 19.1Comment