10/2023
Sustainable Development Goals (10/17)
10. Reduce inequalities within and among countries
In this number...
The “Indicators of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development", are an operation of the National Statistics Plan, which is developed by the INE in collaboration with the statistical services of the ministries. Their results can be viewed at: https://www.ine.es/dyngs/ODS/en/index.htm.
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By means of Goal 10, the countries undertake to reducing inequality. To this end, the global framework sets the following targets: 1) Progressively achieve and sustain income growth for the poorest 40 per cent of the population at a rate above the national average; 2) Empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all persons, regardless of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion, economic or other status; 3) Ensure equality of opportunity and reduce inequality of outcome, including by eliminating discriminatory laws, policies and practices and promoting appropriate legislation, policies and measures in this regard; 4) Adopt policies, especially tax, wage and social protection, and progressively achieve greater equality; 5) Improve the regulation and surveillance of global financial institutions and markets and strengthen the implementation of those regulations; 6) Ensure greater representation and involvement of developing countries in the decisions taken by international economic and financial institutions in order to enhance the effectiveness, reliability, accountability and legitimacy of those institutions; 7) Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people, including through the implementation of planned and well-managed migration policies; 8) Implement the principle of special and differential treatment for developing countries, in particular the least developed countries, in accordance with World Trade Organization agreements; 9) Promote official development assistance and financial flows; and 10) By 2030, reduce the transaction costs of migrants' remittances to less than 3 per cent and eliminate remittance corridors with a cost of more than 5 per cent.
The global framework contains 14 indicators for the monitoring of Goal 10. On the national indicators platform, 18 sub-indicators have been published referring to 7 global indicators. Also, one of them does not apply for Spain. Therefore, the coverage rate of the SDG 10 indicators stands at 57%.
GDP per capita at purchasing power parity in Spain and the EU
The indicator Purchasing power adjusted GDP per capita is a measurement of economic activity. Gross domestic product measures the value of the total output of goods and services produced by an economy, minus intermediate consumption and plus net taxes on products and imports. GDP per capita is calculated as the ratio of GDP to the average population in a specific year. Purchasing power parities (PPPs) represent a common currency that eliminates differences in price levels between countries to allow meaningful comparisons of GDP volume.
In 2022, the three European countries with the highest GDP per capita in purchasing power parity were Luxembourg (92,000 PPP), Ireland (82,400 PPP) and Denmark (48,000 PPP).
At the opposite extreme, the three European countries with the lowest values of this indicator were Bulgaria (20,700 PPP), Slovakia (23,600 PPP) and Greece (23,900 PPP).
That same year, GDP per capita in purchasing power parity in Spain was 30,000 (PPP), a value below the EU average, which was 35,200 (PPP), but a growth for our country of 19.5% compared to 2015 when it was 25,100 (PPP).
Growth rates of household expenditures of the bottom 40% of the population
The indicator 10.1.1. Growth rates of household expenditure or income per capita among the bottom 40 per cent of the population and the total population measures the average annualised growth rate in a five-year period of the income and expenditure per person of the households of the bottom 40% of the population (40% of the people with the lowest incomes per unit of consumption - on the OECD modified scale) and of the total population. The sources of these data are the Living Conditions Survey (for variable incomes) and the Household Budget Survey (for the variable expenditure), both of which are developed by the INE.
The growth rate of household expenditure per capita among the bottom 40% of the population increased by 1.7 percentage points between 2015 and 2021, from -1.2% to 0.5%.
In 2021, the Autonomous Communities that experienced the highest growth rates were the Comunidad Foral de Navarra (2.49%), Extremadura (1.88%) and Galicia (1.55%). At the opposite extreme were: Cataluña (-0.49%), Castilla y León (-0.16%) and Cantabria (0.11%).
For the households of the total population, the per capita growth rate of expenditure stood at 0.8% in 2021, in comparison with - 0.5% in 2015. The per capita growth rate of income rose from - 0.3% in 2015 to 3.3% in 2021.
Financial Soundness Indicators
The indicator 10.5.1 Financial Soundness Indicators is an economic scoreboard that contains the 6 sub-indicators produced by the Bank of Spain. These sub-indicators measure leveraging, liquidity transformation, solvency, credit creation, and the system's ability to absorb unexpected losses with the aim of monitoring and detecting vulnerabilities in the financial system.
Tier 1 capital to total assets in the fourth quarter of 2019 was 6.06%, similar to 6.10% in the fourth quarter of 2017. In the same period, Tier 1 capital on risk-weighted assets rose 0.58 percentage points, from 13.44% to 14.02%.
Non-performing loans net of provisions on net equity in the fourth quarter of 2019 stood at 17.88%, which is 7.04 percentage points higher than in the fourth quarter of 2017 (10.84%). Meanwhile, non-performing loans out of total loans rose from 3.15% (Q4 2017) to 4.46% (Q4 2019).
On the other hand, the return on total assets in the fourth quarter of 2019 was 0.50% and liquid assets on short-term liabilities stood at 22.02%.
Proportion of refugees per 100,000 inhabitants
The indicator 10.7.4.1. Proportion of refugees per 100,000 inhabitants is calculated by the Ministry of the Interior, based on the refugee’s identity documents and secondary protection, as well as the temporary residence authorisations due to exceptional circumstances, in force on 31 December each year. In the denominator, the resident population in Spain by nationality obtained from the Continuous Census Statistics as of 1 January is factored in.
In 2022, the number of refugees in Spain per 100,000 inhabitants was 279.54, compared to 10.79 in 2015.
The nationalities that recorded the highest proportion of refugees in our country in relation to the number of inhabitants of that nationality in 2022 are Somali (92,935), followed by Afghan (87,009) and Syrian (75,695). By sex, the proportion of male refugees was 290.15 per 100,000, while that of women was 269.36.
The age group with the highest proportion of refugees was 18-34 years, with a figure of 634.71 per 100,000 inhabitants.
The three Autonomous Communities with the highest proportion of refugees were the Comunidad de Madrid with 1,572.26, Aragón with 105.10 and the Autonomous Comunidad Foral de Navarra with 95.47 refugees per 100,000 inhabitants.
Measuring progress on Goal 10
Progress in Spain on the SDG 10 subindicators is presented, distinguishing between short-term progress (the latest year available in comparison with the previous year) and medium-term progress (since 2015 or the baseline year). In both cases the compound annual growth rate has been used.
For indicators with positive normative direction (increases are desirable) we have: growth rates greater than or equal to 0.5% are considered progress (), rates in the range [0% - 0.5%) slight progress (
), rates in the range [-0.5% - 0) slight decline (
) and for rates less than -0.5%, a decline (
). For indicators that do not evolve,
is used.
For indicators with a negative normative direction, the categories are reversed.
Among the 18 sub-indicators shown in the table, in the medium term, 12 of them are progressing favourably, one shows slight progress, and five are regressing.
| Subindicator | Unit | Last year | Last year’s figure | Medium-term progress |
Short term progress (last two years) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10.1.1.1. Growth rates of household income per capita among the bottom 40 per cent of the population (*) | Percentage | 2021 | 4.60 | 4.60 | n.d. | ||
| 10.1.1.2. Growth rates of household expenditure per capita of the total population (*) | Percentage | 2021 | 0.80 | 0.80 | n.d. | ||
| 10.1.1.3. Growth rates of household expenditure per capita among the bottom 40 per cent of the population (*) | Percentage | 2021 | 0.50 | 0.50 | n.d. | ||
| 10.1.1.4. Growth rates of household income per capita of the total population (*) | Percentage | 2021 | 3.30 | 3.30 | n.d. | ||
| 10.2.1.1. Proportion of people living below 50% of median income | Percentage | 2022 | 13.70 | -2.1% | -9.3% | ||
| 10.3.1.1. Proportion of the population reporting having personally felt discriminated against or harassed in the past 12 months on grounds of discrimination prohibited by international human rights law | Percentage | 2021 | 0.0004 | 10.6% | -42.0% | ||
| 10.3.1.2. Proportion of women reporting having personally felt discriminated against or harassed in the previous 12 months on the basis of a ground of discrimination | Percentage | 2021 | 0.0003 | 6.9% | -52.7% | ||
| 10.3.1.3. Proportion of men reporting having personally felt discriminated against or harassed in the past 12 months on grounds of discrimination prohibited by international human rights law | Percentage | 2021 | 0.0006 | 12.6% | -35.5% | ||
| 10.4.1.1. Labour share of GDP, comprising wages and social protection transfers | Percentage | 2020T1 | 36.80 | 0.5% | 3.0% | ||
| 10.5.1.1. Tier 1 capital over risk-weighted assets (**) | Percentage | 2020Q1 | 13.65 | 2.2% | 2.0% | ||
| 10.5.1.2. Tier 1 capital over total assets (**) | Percentage | 2020Q1 | 5.77 | 0.4% | 0.8% | ||
| 10.5.1.3. Non-performing loans net of provisions on net equity (**) | Percentage | 2020Q1 | 9.91 | -16.8% | -18.6% | ||
| 10.5.1.4. Non-performing loans over total loans (**) | Percentage | 2020Q1 | 3.04 | -15.4% | -14.6% | ||
| 10.5.1.5. Return over total assets (**) | Percentage | 2020Q1 | 0.00 | 1.0% | -18.0% | ||
| 10.5.1.6. Liquid assets over short-term liabilities (**) | Percentage | 2020Q1 | 22.25 | 2.6% | -3.5% | ||
| 10.7.4.1. Proportion of refugees per 100,000 inhabitants | Per 100,000 | 2022 | 279.54 | 59.2% | 31.1% | ||
| 10.b.1.1. Official Gross Total Development Assistance | Millions of Euros | 2020 | 2,664.51 | -10.2% | 0.1% | ||
| 10.b.1.2. Official Net Total Development Assistance | Millions of Euros | 2020 | 2,621.22 | -9.0% | -0.3% |
(**) In the sub-indicators of indicator 10.5.1, the values of the fourth quarter have been factored in to calculate progress.
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