08/2023
Sustainable Development Goals (8/17)
8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all
In this number...
The "Indicators of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development" is an operation within the National Statistical Plan, which is produced by INE in collaboration with the statistical services of the ministries. Its results can be viewed at: https://www.ine.es/dyngs/ODS/en/index.htm.
Goal 8 commits countries to promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth and full employment and decent work for all. To this end, the global framework sets the following targets: 1) maintain per capita economic growth in accordance with national circumstances; 2) achieve higher levels of economic productivity through diversification, technological upgrading and innovation; 3) Promote development-oriented policies that support productive activities, creating decent jobs, entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation, and encourage the formalisation and growth of micro, small and medium-sized businesses; 4) progressively improve the efficient production and consumption of the world's resources and aim to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation; 5) achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men; 6) significantly reduce the proportion of young people who are not in employment, education or training; 7) take immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labour, to end modern forms of slavery and human trafficking and to put an end to child labour; 8) protect workers' rights and promote a safe and secure working environment for all workers; 9) develop and implement policies aimed at promoting sustainable tourism; 10) strengthen the capacity of domestic financial institutions to promote and expand access to banking, financial and insurance services for all; 11) increase support for the Aid for Trade initiative in developing countries and 12) develop and implement a global strategy for the employment of young people and implement the ILO Global Jobs Pact.
The global framework contains 16 indicators for the monitoring of goal 8. Thirty-four sub-indicators corresponding to 12 global indicators have been published on the national indicator platform. Moreover, two of the global indicators are not relevant for Spain. Thus, the coverage rate of the SDG 8 indicators is 87.5%.
Economic growth in Spain and the EU
In addition to being used to monitor SDG 8, real GDP per capita is part of the indicators of the European Commission's Strategic Plan 2016-2020. Furthermore, both decent work and economic growth (SDG 8) are integrated into the European Commission's Priorities (2019-2024): "an economy at the service of people". GDP is obtained from the annual Spanish National Accounts compiled by INE.
In 2022, the three countries with the highest annual rate of change in real GDP per capita (chained volume index) were Ireland (9.9%), Croatia (7.7%) and Portugal (6.8%). Compared to 2015, Ireland experienced a decrease of 13.3 percentage points while Croatia and Portugal experienced growth of 4.5 and 4.6 percentage points, respectively.
On the other hand, the three countries with the lowest value for this index in 2022 were Estonia (-1.4%), Luxembourg (-0.7%) and Slovakia (0.6%), with a decrease from 2015 of 3.4, 1.0 and 4.5 percentage points, respectively.
The value of the indicator in 2022 for Spain was 4.8%, which is 1.5 percentage points higher than the EU average (3.3%). For 2015, this indicator reached 3.9% for Spain, 1.7 percentage points above the EU 27. During the period 2015-2022, the lowest value of this indicator for Spain was recorded in 2020 with a rate of -11.8%, due to the pandemic.
Employment status of young people
The indicator Proportion of young people (aged between 15 and 29) neither in employment nor in education and training (NEET) is one of the main indicators of the social scoreboard for the European Pillar of Social Rights (adopted in 2021), which proposes to reduce the rate of young people (aged 15-29) not in employment, education or training to 9% by 2030. The source of the indicator is the INE Labour Force Survey.
In 2021, the proportion of young people (aged between 15 and 24) in Spain that were not in education, employment or training was 11.0%. By sex, the rate was higher among men (11.8%) than among women (10.1%).
At the European level, the three European countries with the highest NEET rate for young people aged between 15 and 29 in 2022 were Romania (19.8%), Italy (19.0%) and Greece (15.3%). At the opposite end of the spectrum were the Netherlands (4.6%), Sweden (5.6%) and Luxembourg (6.8%). The rate for Spain was 12.7%, a decrease of 6.7 percentage points from 2015 when the rate was 19.4%. This decrease was larger than the 3.8 percentage point decrease in the European Union (EU 27) as a whole in the same period.
Unemployment rate
Indicator 8.5.2 Unemployment rate, by sex, age and persons with disabilities measures the ratio of unemployed persons to economically active persons. The source of the data is the Labour Force Survey. It is a continuous survey addressed to families, whose main purpose is to obtain data on the labour force and its various categories (employed, unemployed), as well as on the population outside the labour market (inactive).
During the period 2015-2022 the unemployment rate in Spain experienced a decrease of 9.2 points, from 22.1% in 2015 to 12.9% in 2022.
In 2022, the three autonomous communities with the highest unemployment rates were Andalucía (19.0%), Illes Balears (17.6%) and Extremadura (17.3%). While in the same year, the three autonomous communities with the lowest figures were the País Vasco (8.6%), Aragón and Cantabria (both with 9.4%).
For people with disabilities, the unemployment rate stood at 22.5% in 2021, compared to 14.7% for people without disabilities.
Tourism, cultural and intellectual property-related activities contribution to GDP
Sub-indicator 8.9.1.2 GDP generated by tourism as a proportion of total GDP is obtained from the Spanish Tourism Satellite Account compiled by the INE. While sub-indicators 8.9.1.3 Contribution of cultural activities to the GDP and 8.9.1.4 Contribution of activities linked to intellectual property to the GDP are based on the Cultural Satellite Account, which is the responsibility of the Ministry of Culture and Sport.
During the period 2015-2021 the contribution of GDP generated by tourism in Spain has decreased by 3.1 percentage points, from 11.1% in 2015 to 8.0% in 2021.
The GDP contribution of IP-related activities was 3.2% in 2020, the same as in 2015. During the period 2015-2020, it peaked in 2018 and 2019 at 3.4%.
The contribution of cultural activities to GDP in 2020 was 2.2%, compared to 2.5% in 2015; with a decrease of 0.3 points over the years 2015-2020.
Measuring progress on Goal 8
Progress in Spain on the SDG 8 subindicators is presented, distinguishing between short-term progress (the latest year available in comparison with the previous year) and medium-term progress (since 2015, i.e. the baseline year). In both cases the compound annual growth rate has been used.
For indicators with positive normative direction (increases are desirable) we have: growth rates greater than or equal to 0.5% are considered progress (), rates in the range [0% - 0.5%) slight progress (
), rates in the range [-0.5% - 0) slight decline (
) and for rates less than -0.5%, a decline (
). For indicators that do not evolve,
is used.
For indicators with a negative normative direction, the categories are reversed.
Among the 34 sub-indicators shown in the table, in the medium term, 17 of them are progressing favourably, 3 show slight progress, 12 are regressing, one shows no progress or regression and the other cannot be assessed due to insufficient data.
Additionally, there are two indicators that are not relevant to Spain, which can be considered as achieved:
- Indicator 8.7.1. Proportion and number of children aged 5-17 engaged in child labour, by sex and age; with a value close to 0%.
- Indicator 8.8.2. Level of national compliance with labour rights (freedom of association and collective bargaining) according to ILO textual sources and domestic legislation, disaggregated by sex and migration status; with a value close to 100%.
| Subindicator | Unit | Last year |
Last year’s figure | Medium-term progress |
Short term progress (last two years) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8.1.1.1. Annual growth rate of real GDP per capita (*) | Percentage | 2021 | 5.18 | 0.8% | 5.2% | ||
| 8.2.1.1. Annual productivity growth rate (*) | Percentage | 2021 | -1.41 | -1.0% | -1.4% | ||
| 8.4.2.1. Domestic material consumption | Thousands of tonnes | 2021 | 442,302.7 | 1.3% | 2.8% | ||
| 8.4.2.2. Materials consumption per GDP | Tonnes per millions of euros | 2021 | 396.1 | 0.7% | -2.6% | ||
| 8.4.2.3. Materials consumption per capita | Tonnes per inhabitant | 2021 | 9.30 | 0.9% | 2.2% | ||
| 8.5.1.1. Average hourly wage | Euros | 2020 | 16.15 | 1.5% | 1.9% | ||
| 8.5.1.2. Average hourly wage for people with disabilities | Euros | 2020 | 13.90 | 1.3% | 1.5% | ||
| 8.5.2.1. Unemployment rate | Rates | 2022 | 12.92 | -7.4% | -12.6% | ||
| 8.5.2.2. Unemployment rate of people with disabilities | Rates | 2021 | 22.50 | -5.2% | 1.4% | ||
| 8.6.1.1. Proportion of young people neither in employment nor in education and training | Percentage | 2021 | 10.97 | -5.7% | -21.0% | ||
| 8.8.1.1. Fatal accident rate | Accidents per 100,000 workers | 2021 | 1.91 | -3.0% | -7.3% | ||
| 8.8.1.2. Fatal accidents rate (men) | Accidents per 100,000 workers | 2021 | 3.43 | -3.0% | -6.8% | ||
| 8.8.1.3. Fatal accidents rate (women) | Accidents per 100,000 workers | 2021 | 0.18 | -7.1% | 5.9% | ||
| 8.8.1.4. Non-fatal accidents rate | Accidents per 100,000 workers | 2021 | 2,347.24 | -2.7% | 14.9% | ||
| 8.8.1.5. Non-fatal accidents rate (men) | Accidents per 100,000 workers | 2021 | 3,075.29 | -2.7% | 13.3% | ||
| 8.8.1.6. Non-fatal accidents rate (women) | Accidents per 100,000 workers | 2021 | 1,499.26 | -3.2% | 19.2% | ||
| 8.9.1.1. GDP growth rate generated by tourism (*) | Percentage | 2021 | 50.41 | -2.3% | 50.4% | ||
| 8.9.1.2. GDP generated by tourism as a proportion of total GDP | Percentage | 2021 | 8.00 | -5.3% | 37.9% | ||
| 8.9.1.3. Contribution of cultural activities to the GDP | Percentage | 2020 | 2.20 | -2.5% | -8.3% | ||
| 8.9.1.4. Intellectual property-related activities contribution to GDP | Percentage | 2020 | 3.20 | 0.0% | -5.9% | ||
| 8.9.1.5. Cultural employment. Total. As a percentage of total employment | Percentage | 2022 | 3.40 | -0.4% | -2.9% | ||
| 8.9.1.6. Cultural employment. Men. As a percentage of total employment | Percentage | 2022 | 3.70 | -0.7% | -2.6% | ||
| 8.9.1.7. Cultural employment. Women. As a percentage of total employment | Percentage | 2022 | 3.00 | 0.5% | -3.2% | ||
| 8.10.1.1. Number of commercial bank branches per 100,000 adults | Number | 2022 | 34.00 | -9.6% | -10.5% | ||
| 8.10.1.2. Number of ATMs per 100,000 adults | Number | 2022 | 93.00 | -3.7% | -7.0% | ||
| 8.10.2.1. Proportion of adults (aged 15+) who have an account with a bank or other financial institution or mobile money service provider | Percentage | 2016 | 97.00 | n.d. | n.d. | ||
| 8.a.1.1. Aid for commercial commitments and disbursements under the Aid for Trade initiative | Millions of euros | 2020 | 102.83 | 0.4% | 14.4% | ||
| 8.b.1.1. Total expenditure of public funds on social protection and employment programmes as a share of national budgets | Percentage | 2023 | 51.30 | 0.3% | 3.0% | ||
| 8.b.1.2. Total expenditure of public funds on social protection and employment programmes as a share of GDP | Percentage | 2022 | 17.40 | 1.0% | -5.4% | ||
| 8.b.1.3. Total expenditure of public funds on pensions | Millions of euros | 2023 | 190,687.00 | 4.7% | 11.4% | ||
| 8.b.1.4. Total expenditure of public funds on other economic benefits | Millions of euros | 2023 | 22,299.00 | 9.3% | 6.3% | ||
| 8.b.1.5. Total expenditure of public funds on other social services and social promotion | Millions of euros | 2023 | 7,116.00 | 17.6% | 15.2% | ||
| 8.b.1.6. Total spending of public funds on employment promotion | Millions of euros | 2023 | 8,028.00 | 6.8% | 5.0% | ||
| 8.b.1.7. Total expenditure of public funds on unemployment | Millions of euros | 2023 | 21,278.00 | -2.1% | -5.3% |
Did you know…?
The number of commercial bank branches per 100,000 adults has fallen from 98 in 2010 to 34 in 2022, a reduction of more than 65%.
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