13/2023
Sustainable Development Goals (12/17)
12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
In this number...
The “Indicators of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development", are an operation of the National Statistics Plan, which is developed by the INE in collaboration with the statistical services of the ministries. Its results can be viewed at: https://www.ine.es/dyngs/ODS/en/index.htm.
Through Goal 12, countries commit to: 1) Implementing the Ten-Year Programme Framework on Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns, taking into account the level of development and capacities of developing countries; 2) Achieving the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources; 3) Halving global per capita food waste at retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses in production and supply chains; 4) Achieving environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle, in accordance with agreed international frameworks, and significantly reduce their release to air, water and soil; 5) Significantly reducing waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse activities; 6) Encouraging companies to adopt sustainable practices and incorporate sustainability information into their reporting cycle; 7) Promoting public procurement practices that are sustainable, in accordance with national policies and priorities; 8) Ensuring that people around the world have information and knowledge relevant to sustainable development; 9) Assisting developing countries in strengthening their scientific and technological capacity to move towards more sustainable consumption and production patterns; 10) Developing and implementing tools to monitor impacts on sustainable development in order to achieve sustainable tourism; 11) Rationalising inefficient fossil fuel subsidies that encourage uneconomic consumption by eliminating market distortions, in accordance with national circumstances, including through restructuring tax systems and phasing out harmful subsidies, where they exist.
The global framework contains 13 indicators for the monitoring of Goal 12. On the national platform of SDG indicators, 21 subindicators have been published, referring to 7 global indicators. In addition, there is one indicator that does not apply for Spain. Therefore, the coverage rate of the SDG 12 indicators stands at 61.5%.
Value added of environmental goods and services
The European indicator Gross value added in environmental goods and services sector (% of GDP) (the national subindicator 12.2.2.5) represents the contribution of the environmental goods and services sector to GDP and is defined as the difference between the value of the sector's production and the intermediate consumption. The source of the information is the Account of Environmental Goods and Services prepared by the INE. This indicator is used to monitor the European Commission's priorities in the framework of the “European Green Pact”, “An economy that works for people”, and “A Europe fit for the digital age”.
In 2020, Finland, Estonia and Austria were the countries that made the biggest contribution to the environmental goods and services sector of their economies, with values of 6.2; 5.0 and 4.4% of GDP, respectively. At the other extreme were Hungary (0.6%), Ireland (1.0%) and Malta (1.3%).
The aggregate of the 27 countries of the EU was 2.5%.
In Spain, this sector contributed a gross value added of 2.7% of GDP in 2020, with a growth of 0.5 percentage points since 2015. The growth of the European aggregate in the same period is 0.3 points, so Spain has a growth rate that is 0.2 points higher.
AIn addition, the value for 2021 is now available for Spain, which is 3.1% of GDP, a year-on-year growth of 0.4 percentage points.
Consumption of materials
The information source of the Indicator 12.2.2 Domestic material consumption per capita, and domestic material consumption per GDP is the INE's materials flows account, which shows that the physical inputs of materials that enter the national economic system and the outputs to other economies or to the natural environment in physical units (tonnes), and makes it possible to obtain a set of aggregated indicators of the use of natural resources.
The consumption of materials per inhabitant in Spain grew by 5.7% in the period 2015-2021, going from 8.8 to 9.3 tonnes per inhabitant.
On the other hand, the consumption of materials by GDP grew by 4.2% in the same period, from 380.2 to 396.1 tonnes per million euros.
Hazardous waste generated and its treatments
The global indicator 12.4.2 a) Hazardous waste generated per capita and b) proportion of hazardous waste treated, broken down by type of treatment. Is reported by the INE through its 5 subindicators. The source of these is the INE's Statistics on Waste Collection and Treatment, whose main objective is to quantify in physical units the urban waste collected and the final treatment by operations. In addition, this statistic meets the needs set out in Regulation (EC) 2150/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council and provides information for the Waste Satellite Account.
The hazardous waste generated (in kilograms per capita per year) fell from 72.8 in 2015 to 69.8 in 2020, a decrease of 4.1%.
Regarding treatment operations, the proportion of recycled hazardous waste grew by 3.5 percentage points in the same period, reaching 71.3% in 2020, while landfilled waste decreased by 2.4 points, to 22.5% (in 2020). On the other hand, the percentage of waste incinerated has decreased by 1.1 points since 2015, when incinerations accounted for 7.3%. Finally, the proportion of hazardous waste treated through landfill operations remained at 0.00% from 2015 to 2020.
CO2 emissions of new vehicle passengers
The European indicator CO2 emissions per km from new passenger carsmeasures the average CO2 emissions per kilometre of new vehicle passengers through the approved consumption of vehicles (NEDC cycle, until 2020), and may differ from emissions of new vehicles. Since 2021, emissions have been measured using a new globally harmonised procedure (WLTP standard). The European Environment Agency and the Directorate-General for Climate Action collect the information in accordance with Regulation No 443/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council..
In 2021, CO2 emissions from new vehicle passengers in Spain stood at 126.8 g CO2/km, which was 10.5 g CO2/km above the European aggregate.
Growth since 2015 is 10% for Spain, while the European Union decreased by 2.8% in the same period.
In both cases, there was a sharp drop in 2020 due to traffic restrictions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic.
It should be noted that the EU-27 country with the lowest CO2 emissions in 2021 was Sweden with 88.3 g, while the highest value was recorded in Cyprus with 145.8 g.
Measuring progress on Goal 12
Progress in Spain on the SDG 12 sub-indicators is presented, distinguishing between short-term progress (latest year available compared with the previous year) and medium-term progress (since 2015, i.e. the baseline year). In both cases the compound annual growth rate has been used.
For indicators with positive normative direction (increases are desirable) we have: growth rates greater than or equal to 0.5% are considered progress (), rates in the range [0% - 0.5%) slight progress (
), rates in the range [-0.5% - 0) slight decline (
) and for rates less than -0.5%, a decline (
). For indicators that do not evolve,
is used.
For indicators with a negative normative direction, the categories are reversed.
Among the 21 sub-indicators shown in the table, in the medium term, eight of them are progressing favourably, three are regressing and another 10 cannot be assessed due to insufficient data.
| Subindicator | Unit | Last year |
Last year’s figure |
Medium-term progress |
Short term progress (last two years) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12.1.1.1. Spain has adopted sustainable consumption and production (SCP) national action plans or SCP mainstreamed as a priority or a target into national policies | 2020 | sí | |||||
| 12.2.2.1. Domestic material consumption | Thousands of tonnes | 2021 | 442,302.7 | 1.3% | 2.8% | ||
| 12.2.2.2. Material consumption per GDP | Tonnes per million euros | 2021 | 396.10 | 0.7% | -2.6% | ||
| 12.2.2.3. Material consumption per capita | Tonnes per inhabitant | 2021 | 9.30 | 0.9% | 2.2% | ||
| 12.2.2.4. Gross value added in environmental goods and services sector (chain linked volumes) | Index | 2021 | 154.20 | 7.5% | 22.2% | ||
| 12.2.2.5. Gross value added in environmental goods and services sector (% of GDP) | Percentage | 2021 | 3.05 | 5.4% | 13.0% | ||
| 12.4.2.1. Total hazardous waste generated in the economy per capita | Kilograms/inhabitant/day | 2020 | 69.80 | -0.8% | -0.6% | ||
| 12.4.2.2. Proportion of recycled hazardous waste | Percentage | 2020 | 71.30 | 1.0% | 2.3% | ||
| 12.4.2.3. Proportion of hazardous waste treated by backfilling operations | Percentage | 2020 | 0.0 | n.d. | n.d. | ||
| 12.4.2.4. Proportion of incinerated hazardous waste | Percentage | 2020 | 6.20 | -3.2% | -17.3% | ||
| 12.4.2.5. Proportion of discharged hazardous waste | Percentage | 2020 | 22.50 | -2.0% | -1.3% | ||
| 12.5.1.1. Percentage of waste recycled over total waste treated | Kilograms/inhabitant/day | 2019 | 1.33 | 1.0% | 0.0% | ||
| 12.6.1.1. Number of European Ecolabel Licences | Licences | 2021 | 289.00 | n.d. | 57.9% | ||
| 12.6.1.2. Number of organisations ECO-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) registered | Organisations | 2021 | 973.00 | n.d. | 20.3% | ||
| 12.8.1.1. Extent to which (i) global citizenship education and (ii) education for sustainable development are mainstreamed in national education policies | Range [0,1] | 2020 | 1.00 | n.d. | |||
| 12.8.1.2. Extent to which (i) global citizenship education and (ii) education for sustainable development are mainstreamed in curricula | Range [0,1] | 2020 | 0.91 | n.d. | n.d. | ||
| 12.8.1.3. Extent to which (i) global citizenship education and (ii) education for sustainable development are mainstreamed in teacher education | Range [0,1] | 2020 | 0.95 | n.d. | n.d. | ||
| 12.8.1.4. Extent to which (i) global citizenship education and (ii) education for sustainable development are mainstreamed in student assessment | Range [0,1] | 2020 | 1.00 | n.d. | |||
| 12.b.1.1. Implementation of standard accounting tools to monitor the economic and environmental aspects of tourism - Total number of tables | Number of tables | 2021 | 5 | n.d. | n.d. | ||
| 12.b.1.2. Implementation of standard accounting tools to monitor the economic and environmental aspects of tourism - Tables of the Tourism Satellite Account | Number of tables | 2021 | 5 | n.d. | n.d. | ||
| 12.b.1.3. Implementation of standard accounting tools to monitor the economic and environmental aspects of tourism - Tables of the Environmental Accounts System | Number of tables | 2020 | 1 | n.d. | n.d. |
The sub-indicators of indicator 12.b.1 referring to the number of tables available are calculated with a different time lag for each type of table, which is why they are not assessed through growth rates.
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