16/2023
Sustainable Development Goals (16/17)
16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels
In this number...
The “2030 Agenda Indicators for Sustainable Development” are an operation of the National Statistics Plan drawn up by the INE in partnership with the statistical services of the ministries. Its results can be viewed at: https://www.ine.es/dyngs/ODS/en/index.htm.
By means of Goal 16, countries commit to 1) Significantly reduce all forms of violence and the corresponding mortality rates around the world; 2) Put an end to abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence and torture against children; 3) Promote the rule of law at national and international levels and ensure equal access to justice for all; 4) Reduce unlawful financial and arms flows and combat all forms of organised crime; 5) Considerably reduce corruption and bribery in all its forms; 6) Create effective and transparent accountable institutions at all levels; 7) Guarantee the adoption at all levels of inclusive, participatory and representative decisions that meet needs; 8) Expand and enhance the participation of developing countries in global governance institutions; 9) Provide access to a legal identity for all, particularly by means of birth registration; 10) Guarantee public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms; 11) Reinforce the relevant national institutions to create at all levels the capacity to prevent violence and combat terrorism and crime; and 12) Promote and apply non-discriminatory laws and policies in favor of sustainable development.
The global framework contains 24 indicators for the monitoring of Goal 16. 49 subindicators corresponding to 16 global indicators have been published on the national platform of SDG indicators. There is also a non-applicable indicator and another not relevant to Spain. Therefore, the coverage rate of the SDG 16 indicators stands at 75%.
Public spending on Justice in Spain and the EU
The European Indicator "General government total expenditure on law courts" measures total government spending on courts of law in accordance with the Classification of the Functions of Government (COFOG). It includes the costs of administration, operation and support for civil and criminal courts and the judicial system, including the enforcement of fines and legal agreements imposed by the courts and the functioning of the systems of probation, legal representation and advice on behalf of the government or on behalf of others provided by the government in the form of cash or services.
Total government spending on courts of law in the European Union (EU-27) in 2021 totalled 107.0 euros per capita, with an increase of 18.2 euros per capita since 2015.
By countries, the lowest public spending was recorded in Cyprus (36.8 euros per capita), Lithuania (46.6) and Slovakia (53.5). At the other end of the scale stood Luxembourg (253.0 euros per capita), Germany (172.2) and Ireland (150.0).
Spain spent 96.8 euros per capita, 9.5% less than the average for the EU countries.
During the 2015-2021 period, Spain underwent growth in total spending amounting to 18.2%, with a rise from 3,877 million euros in 2015 to 4,583 million euros in 2021.
the percentage of the population that rates judicial independence as good or very good increased from 50% in 2016 to 53% in 2022 in the European Union (EU-27) and from 30% to 38% in Spain?
Intentional homicides
Indicator 16.1.1.1. Total number of victims of intentional homicides and completed murders per 100,000 inhabitants has the following Security Statistic as its source: Police Actions under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Interior. This statistic, which is published on an annual basis, relates to a series of variables linked to criminality known to the Security Forces and Corps, such as the type of event, means used, victims, modus operandi, number of perpetrators, nature of the scene of the crime and weapons used.
The number of victims of intentional homicides and completed murders per 100,000 inhabitants fell from 0.65 in 2015 to 0.61 in 2021.
The number of female victims of intentional homicides and completed murders per 100,000 inhabitants stood at 0.40 in 2021, a figure representing a fall of 0.11 with respect to 2015 (0.51 per 100,000). This figure contrasts with the increase from 0.79 to 0.83 per 100,000 for men during the period.
Proportion of detainees who have not been sentenced
Indicator 16.3.2.1. Unsentenced detainees as a proportion of overall prison population measures the percentage of the preventive prison population (i.e. people awaiting trial) at penitentiary establishments in Spain with respect to the total prison population. The source of the indicator is the General Statistic on the Prison Population, published on a monthly basis under the management of the Ministry of the Interior, whose objective is quantitative knowledge of the prisoner population in Spain and the number of admissions during the year.
In 2022, for Spain as a whole, the proportion of detainees without a sentence stood at 16.19%, a figure 3.72 percentage points higher than the one recorded in 2015 (12.47%).
The Principality of Asturias, Castile and León and the Basque Country were the three autonomous communities with the lowest proportions of prisoners in this criminal-procedural situation, with respective values totalling 9.32%, 11.15% and 11.20%.
In contrast, the Region of Murcia, the Community of Madrid and Catalonia recorded the highest proportions, with respective values totalling 20.97%, 20.31% and 19.33%.
Public spending executed in proportion to the figure budgeted
Subindicator 16.6.1.1. Primary government expenditures as a proportion of original approved budget provides information on the status of the settlement of the State expenditure budget in relation to the initial approved budget. It is taken from the Statistic on the Settlement of the Budgets of the State and its Public Bodies, Companies and Foundations, as well as the General State Budgets managed by the Ministry of Finance and Public Function.
The spending executed totalled 96.50% of the budgeted amount in 2021, whereas this figure stood at 99.70% in 2015.
A sharp increase can be observed in 2020, when it reached 117.86%, as a result of the complications stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic.
Did you know that…?
the Corruption Perception Index* for Spain in 2022 was 60, a figure which lay below the average for the 27 countries of the European Union (64 points)?
* This index is published each year by Transparency International on a scale from 0 to 100 (ranging from more to less corruption).
Measuring progress on Goal 16
Progress in Spain on the SDG 16 subindicators is presented, distinguishing between short-term progress (latest year available compared to the previous year) and medium-term progress (since 2015, i.e. the baseline year). In both cases the compound annual growth rate has been used.
For indicators with positive normative direction (increases are desirable) we have: growth rates greater than or equal to 0.5% are considered progress (), rates in the range [0% - 0.5%) slight progress (
), rates in the range [-0.5% - 0) slight decline (
) and for rates less than -0.5%, a decline (
). For indicators that do not evolve,
is used.
For indicators with a negative normative direction, the categories are reversed.
Among the 33 sub-indicators shown in the table, in the medium term, 13 of them are progressing favourably, 15 are regressing, one displays a slight regression, two are not evolving and another two cannot be assessed due to insufficient data. In addition, there are 16 subindicators corresponding to two global framework indicators (16.6.1 and 16.7.1) for which no normative direction can be established.
| Subindicator | Unit | Last year | Last year’s figure | Medium-term progress |
Short term progress (last two years) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 16.1.1.1. Total number of victims of intentional homicides and completed murders per 100,000 inhabitants | Rate per 100,000 inhabitants | 2021 | 0.61 | -1.1% | -1.6% | ||
| 16.1.1.2. Total number of female victims of intentional homicides and completed murders per 100,000 inhabitants | Rate per 100,000 inhabitants | 2021 | 0.40 | -4.0% | -18.4% | ||
| 16.1.1.3. Total number of male victims of intentional homicides and completed murders per 100,000 inhabitants | Rate per 100,000 inhabitants | 2021 | 0.83 | 0.8% | 9.2% | ||
| 16.1.3.1. Proportion of the population which has suffered physical, psychological or sexual violence in the last 12 months | Percentage | 2021 | 0.48 | -3.1% | 9.9% | ||
| 16.1.3.2. Proportion of women who have suffered physical, psychological or sexual violence in the last 12 months | Percentage | 2021 | 0.58 | 0.3% | 15.4% | ||
| 16.1.3.3. Proportion of men who have suffered physical, psychological or sexual violence in the last 12 months | Percentage | 2021 | 0.37 | -7.2% | 2.2% | ||
| 16.1.4.1. Population reporting occurrence of crime, violence or vandalism in their area | Percentage | 2020 | 14.10 | 7.1% | 21.6% | ||
| 16.2.1.1. Proportion of children aged 1-17 years who experienced any physical punishment and/or psychological aggression by caregivers in the past month | Percentage | 2021 | 0.06 | 7.3% | 29.8% | ||
| 16.2.1.2. Proportion of children aged 1-17 years who experienced any physical punisment and/or psycological aggression by caregivers in the past month. Male | Percentage | 2021 | 0.05 | 4.8% | 20.5% | ||
| 16.2.1.3. Proportion of children aged 1-17 years who experienced any physical punisment and/or psycological aggression by caregivers in the past month. Female | Percentage | 2021 | 0.07 | 9.5% | 38.0% | ||
| 16.2.2.1. Number of detected victims of human trafficking | Rate per 100,000 inhabitants | 2021 | 0.40 | -5.7% | -29.8% | ||
| 16.2.2.2. Number of detected victims of human trafficking for sexual exploitation | Rate per 100,000 inhabitants | 2021 | 0.29 | 0.0% | -14.7% | ||
| 16.2.2.3. Number of detected victims of human trafficking for forced labour, servitude and slavery | Rate per 100,000 inhabitants | 2021 | 0.11 | -14.9% | -47.6% | ||
| 16.2.2.4. Number of detected victims of human trafficking for the purpose of organ removal | Rate per 100,000 inhabitants | 2021 | 0.0 | n.d. | n.d. | ||
| 16.2.2.5. Number of detected victims of human trafficking for other purposes | Rate per 100,000 inhabitants | 2021 | 0.0 | n.d. | n.d. | ||
| 16.2.3.1. Proportion of young women and men aged 18-29 years who experienced sexual violence by age 18 | Percentage | 2021 | 0.08 | 13.5% | 48.1% | ||
| 16.2.3.2. Proportion of young women aged 18-29 years who experienced sexual violence by age 18 | Percentage | 2021 | 0.14 | 12.8% | 44.9% | ||
| 16.2.3.3. Proportion of young men aged 18-29 years who experienced sexual violence by age 18 | Percentage | 2021 | 0.01 | 23.2% | 55.6% | ||
| 16.2.3.4. Proportion of young women aged 18-29 years who experienced sexual violence by age 15 (*) | Percentage | 2019 | 3.70 | 7.3% | n.d. | ||
| 16.3.2.1. Unsentenced detainees as a proportion of overall prison population | Percentage | 2022 | 16.20 | 3.8% | 0.6% | ||
| 16.4.2.1. Proportion of seized, found or surrendered arms whose illicit origin or context has been traced or established by a competent authority in line with international instruments | Rate per 100,000 inhabitants | 2021 | 43.00 | -3.7% | -6.5% | ||
| 16.5.1.1. Proportion of persons who had at least one contact with a public official and who paid a bribe to a public official, or were asked for a bribe by those public officials, during the previous 12 months | People | 2021 | 68.00 | -13.5% | 134.5% | ||
| 16.5.1.2. Proportion of women who had at least one contact with a public official and who paid a bribe to a public official, or were asked for a bribe by those public officials, during the previous 12 months | People | 2021 | 7.00 | -18.6% | 75.0% | ||
| 16.5.1.3. Proportion of men who had at least one contact with a public official and who paid a bribe to a public official, or were asked for a bribe by those public officials, during the previous 12 months | People | 2021 | 61.00 | -12.7% | 144.0% | ||
| 16.6.2.1. Percentage of the population that are satisfied with public service delivery | Percentage | 2018 | 45.50 | -2.1% | n.d. | ||
| 16.7.2.1. Proportion of the population that believes that politicians care about what people think | Percentage | 2018 | 17.00 | -9.1% | n.d. | ||
| 16.9.1.1. Proportion of children under 5 years of age whose birth has been registered by a civil authority | Percentage | 2022 | 100 | 0.0% | n.d. | ||
| 16.10.2.1. Extent of adoption and implementation of constitutional, statutory and/or policy guarantees for public access to information globally | Range [0,9] | 2022 | 7.80 | 0.8% | 0.0% | ||
| 16.10.2.2. Extent of adoption of constitutional, statutory and/or policy guarantees for public access to information globally | Range [0,5] | 2022 | 4.80 | 0.6% | 0.0% | ||
| 16.10.2.3. Extent of implementation of constitutional, statutory and/or policy guarantees for public access to information globally | Range [0,4] | 2022 | 3.00 | 1.0% | 0.0% | ||
| 16.b.1.1. Proportion of population reporting having personally felt discriminated against or harassed in the previous 12 months on the basis of a ground of discrimination prohibited under international human rights law | Percentage | 2021 | 0.00 | 10.6% | -42.0% | ||
| 16.b.1.2. Proportion of women reporting having personally felt discriminated against or harassed in the previous 12 months on the basis of a ground of discrimination prohibited under international human rights law | Percentage | 2021 | 0.00 | 6.9% | -52.7% | ||
| 16.b.1.3. Proportion of men reporting having personally felt discriminated against or harassed in the previous 12 months on the basis of a ground of discrimination prohibited under international human rights law | Percentage | 2021 | 0.00 | 12.6% | -35.5% |
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